
Class 
Book 



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JS(o(i 



Gop}TightN 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



A TOPICAL OUTLINE 



OF 



GENERAL HISTOEY. 



DESIGNED AS A GUIDE TO THE GENERAL READER AND 
FOR REVIEW WORK IN SCHOOLS. 



By henry L. BOLTWOOD, A. M, 



Principal of Evanston Township High School. 



'U 






^ 




CHICAGO: 
GEO. SHERWOOD & CO., PUBLISHERS 



7 "{^ 



THE LIBRARY I 
or CONGRESS [I 

WASHINOTOM, 



TABLE OF OONTEl^TS. 



General Introouction, 

Classification of Races, 

Periods of History, 

Egypt, . - . . . 

Chald^ea, .... 

Assyria, - - . . - 

Persia, .... 

Phcenicia, .... 

Jewish History, 

India, . - . . . 

ClREECE, - . . - 

Rome, - . - . . 

Rise of Islam, 

Prankish Monarchy, - 

Early History of Germany, 

Guelphs and Ghibellines, 

Feudal System, 

The Crusades, . - - . 

Great Orders of Knighthood, - 

Great Orders of Monks, 

The Vehmgericht, 

PIanseatic League, 

Eastern Empire of Rome, 

English History, 

Norman Piracies and Conquests, 

The Great Italian Republics, 

France after Partition of Verdun, 

Development of Papal Po\ver, 

Protestant Reformation, 

Thirty Years War, 

Spanish History, 

History of Scotland, 

Prussia, .... 

Austria, ..... 

Russia, .... 

Sweden, . - - . . 

Norway, .... 

Denmark, .... 

Italian History from 1848, 

Portugal, .... 

Creasy's "Fifteen Decisive Battles," 

Focal Dates in General History, - 

List of Noted Persons, - 

Places Noted in History, 

Great Events Arranged by Centuries 



6 
G-7 

7 

- 8 
8-9 

- 9 
10 

- 11 
12 

14-21 
21-31 

- 31 
32 

- 33 
34 

- 35 
35-38 

- 38 
38 

-. 38 
88 

- 39 
40-54 

- 54 
55 

55-70 
70 

- 71 
72 

73-77 

77-80 

80-82 

83 

- 84 
85 

- 86 
86 

- 87 
8-1 

- 89 
90 

- 91 
92 

- 93 



Copyright, Geo. Sherwood & Co., 18 



PREFACE. 



This little volume is designed to be an aid to teachers and students of 
General History, by presenting in a compact form the most important 
facts in the history of the great nations of the earth. It is not intended 
to be a text-book of history on the one hand; nor a mere list of topics on 
the other. It is an attempt to present a minimum of what ought to be 
retained by a High School pupil, or by a general reader; arranged 
in a form convenient for memorizing. No student will learn much 
history by memorizing this book alone; but it contains little that a 
student can afford not to know. It is based on no particular book; and 
may be used with profit without any text-book, if one has a good refer- 
ence library to use in connection. It was primarily intended for review 
work. 

Few dates are required to be memorized; but the author believes 
that they will be found sufficient for practical use. For common use, it 
is enough to be able to place a date in its proper century; or in the 
beginning, middle, or latter part of a century. Other dates are best 
retained by association ; as about the time of some other more important 
event. For instance, the exact date of the First Persian Invasion should 
suggest the date of the Second, without any special effort to fix the year. 

All memory is more or less associative, and the skillful teacher will 
seek to multiply associations, and to train his pupils to use one fact to 
suggest another. 

Certain topics are inserted more for their literary interest than for 
their historic value. Such things belong to a general education; and are 
often exceedingly useful in setting facts in a more pleasing light. 

For obvious reasons the history of England and France is treated 
more fully than that of other nations. The history of the United States 
is not given except as connected with other peoples; because the book is 
intended for those who have finished the history of their own country. 
The too common fault of giving more space to Ancient than to Modern 
history has been avoided. 

The great events of the several centuries should be most carefully 
learned. The student should be able to place these in their proper centu- 
ries instantly and almost mechanically. Minor events will naturally 
group themselves about these more important matters. The lists of 
places and persons may be made to serve as a double review. Some 

(3) 



4 PREFACE. 

pupils remember persons more readily than places; and some, places 
rather than persons. One will remember Marathon by calling up the 
the name of Miltiades; and another will remember Miltiades by calling 
up the name of Marathon. In like manner dates may be fixed by calling 
for the event corresponding to a given date as well as by calling for the 
date of a given event. 

To aid in multiplying associations and to impart interest to historic 
study, the reading of historical plays, poems and novels is very desirable. 
Some few of interest are mentioned in the text. 

A profitable class exercise is to have the pupils choose sides, and 
allow each side to propose questions to the other, based ujoon a limited 
portion of history. A score is kept of the points made or lost by the 
respective sides; and the teacher acts as umpire to judge of satisfactory 
answers, and to exclude questions that are too vague, too comprehensive, 
or too trivial. Pupils naturally propose the questions which in their own 
judgment are the more difficult. 

The style of a book prepared on this plan is of necessity abrupt and 
more or less disconnected. It is not designed as a literary model. In 
the hope that this little volume may be of service to my fellow-teachers 
and their pupils, in imparting both interest and value to the widest and 
most ennobling study of our schools, it is submitted for their approval. 

High School, Evanston, III., 188U. 



A Topical Outline of General History. 



History, in its most general sense, is the narration of events pertain- 
ing to the life of peoples and nations. 

In a more limited sense, history is the record of national life; 
particularly of those nations that have contributed most to civilization. 

Auxiliary to history are the sciences of — 

I. Creographij : treating of location, soil, climate and facilities for 

commerce as affecting national life and development. 

The Nile and its annual overflow created and shaped Egypt. The islands and 
numerous peninsulas of (Greece favored intercourse by water, and the development of 
numerous small and independent states. 

II. Chrotiolofjlf : which treats of fixing and verifying dates. 

Most dates back of 400 B. C, except in Greek history, are somewhat uncertain. 
No dates back of 800 can be given with absolute accuracy. 

III. JEtJmography: which treats of customs, laws, religion, 
social life and general characteristics of peoples. 

IV. Arch(COlogy : which treats of history as revealed by remains 

of arts and manufactures. 

The little that we know of the mound-builders of America is learned by this 
science. The lake-dwellers of Switzerland are an example of a people concerning 
whom valuable information has been obtained by archfeology. The researches of 
Schliemann at Troy and of Layard at Niueveli are other examples of the value of 
this science. 

V. Philologij : which treats of languages as compared with each 
other. 

By comparison of languages, the common origin of widely separated peoples 
may be proved. The language of the Basques proves them to be a Turanian people. 
In like manner it is proved that the Pelasgi settled both Greece and Italy. The fact 
that all our law terms are Latin or Norman-French shows that the conquering Nor- 
mans imposed their laws on the conquered Saxons. 

Biography, which treats of individual life, becomes of historic importance when 
it treats of important persons. A biography of Washington is a history of the forma- 
tive period of the United States. A life of "Napoleon is'the history of a large part of 
Europe for twenty years. 

In studying and in memorizing history five things are of special 
importance : 

Time; Place; Personal ity ; Cause; Result . 

(Also called the ^i?e W's: When; Where; Who; Why; 
What.) 

That is, when and where did an event happen ; loho were principally 
concerned in it ; tohat caused it, and lohat grew out of it. 

Philosophic history, the highest and best, though not always the 
most readable, lays special stress on cause and result. 



6 



.4 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



The great historic nations are all of Caucasian race, and are included 
under three great stocks, viz : 

I. Aryan. II. Semitic, III. Haynitic. 

Hindoos. 
Persians (Medes). 



Greeks. 



Romans or Latins 



Teutons. 



I. Aryans. ^ 



Goths, s 



Celts. < 



Sla 



vs. <^ 



II. Semites. 



III. Hauiifcs. 



{Jews. 
Phoenicians. 
Assyrians. 
Arabs. 

j Egyptians, 
i Chaldreans. 



C Italians. 
J French, 
j Spanish. 
[ Portuguese. 

Germans (High and Low). 
Hollanders. 
English. 
Danes. 
Scandinavians, -l Swedes. 

^ Norweofians. 
Irish. 
Welsh. 

Highland Scotch (Gaels). 
Manx. 
Bretons. 
Russians. 
Serbs. 
Poles. 
Bohemians 



The Aryan race has been foremost in all progressive civilization. 
The great contribution of the Semitic race to civilization is the 

three (fveat monotheistic religions; the Jewish; the Chris- 
tian and the llohamiiicdan. 

The Hamitic race was comparatively stationary, and is nationally 
extinct. 

The great peoples outside of civilization are of the Turanian 
race. (Called also tSimtic : from Slnun, a Bible word, supposed to mean 
China.) 

Aryan means /irjht, or noble : Turanian^ dark; (either in 
complexion or in intelligence). 

History is divided into — ^ 

I. Ancient: from +3000 B. C. to Fall of Western Empire 
of Rome, 4?G A. D. 

II. 3Iedicevalf from 47G to Discovery of America, 1403. 

III. Modern^ from JDiscoi^ery of Atnerica to present time. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



Ancient History treats of 

' Egyptians. 
Chaklreans. 
Assyrians. 

I. Oriental Nations, { Persians. 

Hindoos. 

Phoenicians. 

.Tews. 

II. European Nations. ] ^l^^^^^^'^ 

EGYPT. 

Oldest historic nation. Origin probably *3000 B. C. Chronology 
wholly unsettled. Principal authorities for history, O. T., Herodotus and 
3Ianetho: besides numerous inscriptions in tombs and upon monuments 
and on papyri. 

General location, the lower valley and delta of the Nile. Called 
also Cham or Ham: i. e., the black land. Cause of the early develop- 
ment, the remarkable fertility of the Nile valley. Chief cities, Meinplils 
in Lower, and Thebes in Upper Egypt. Always reckoned by ancient 
geographers as a part of Asia. 

Three periods of history, known as the Old, the 3Iiddle and the 
New Empires. Twenty-six dynasties of kings or Pharaohs enumerated. 

Fourth dynasty known as the pyramid builders: Khufu or Cheops 
most famous sovereign. 

About 2000 conquered by Hi/ksos or Shepherd Kings; probably 
Arabs. After 500 years Hyksos expelled by a Theban prince, and the 
New Empire established. 

Famous sovereigns of the New Empire, Raitieses II. (called by 
Greeks Sesostris), a great warrior; SJlishah'f -fOoO, took and plundered 
Jerusalem; Pharaoh Necho, -f GOO, whose fleet circumnavigated Africa, 
and who defeated Jews at Megiddo, killing their king, Joslah. (II Chron., 

XXXV.) 

Government a hereditary, absolute monarchy ; much limited by 
priestly control. Caste system fully developed; a great obstacle to all 
progress. Religion, worship of personified powers of nature, and of 
symbolic animals. Chief gods, PJitah, Osiris, Jsis, Horus, the bull Apis, 
(hence the calf worship of .Jewish idolatry,) Amon or Amon-Ra the sun- 
god. Held the cat, dog, ibis, hawk and crocodile as sacred. Prominent 
doctrines, transmigration of souls, immortality and final judgment. 
Embalmed their dead. Made their tombs more costly than their houses. 
Had a strict moral code, and regulated all forms of ordinary life and 
social intercourse by stringent religious rules. 

Architecture massive; frequently colossal. Characteristic structures, 
pyramids, obelisks and sphinxes. Transported immense monoliths a 
great distance, and are supposed to have had powerful machinery. 

* before a date signifies about. 



A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



Manufactured linen, glass, porcelain and papyrus. Are said to have 
invented geometry, and were skilled in astronomy. Wrote in symbolic 
characters called hieroglyphics; first deciphered by GhampolUon by 
means of the Rosetta stone. Psammeticus III.., their last king, was 
defeated at Peh(siuin by Camhyses., the Persian king, 525 B. C, and 
Egypt became a Persian province. 333 B. C, Alexander overthrew Per- 
sians; founded city of Alexander. After his death, Egypt came under 
the Ptolemies till 31 B. C, when Cleopatra:, last of the line, was con- 
quered by Romans, and Egypt became a Roman province. 

Under the Ptolemies, Alexandria became a great center of learning. 
Many^Jews lived there. Famous translation of O. T. into Greek, called 
the Septtiagint, made there, 280. Library famous; also its schools. 

Great contributions to civilization, science and geometry, astronomy, 
moral and religious ideas, which in a modified form are found in Judaism. 

CHALD.^A. 

Originated -f-^200 B. C. Located in lower valley of the EujDhrates, 
and on west shore of Persian Gulf. People called by Homer Eastern. 
Ethiojnans. Country called in O. T. Shinar and Babel. Founded by 
Nhnrod. (Gen. x.) Area, 25,000 square miles. A mixture of peoples 
and languages. Leading race, Hamitic. 

Government an absolute monarchy. Religion a worship of the 
heavenly bodies, and the personified powers of nature. 

Skilled in arts and manufactures, and noted for commerce. Famous 
astronomers. Probably first to predict eclipses. (The Chaldceans of 
book of Daniel were astrologers.) Architecture massive — mostly of 
unburnt brick, as stone and fuel were scarce. Writing cuneiform, pre- 
served on slabs of brick. Pottery of high grade. 

Old Chaldgean empire subjugated by Assyria, +745. People aided 
Medes against Assyria, and became independent G25, under Nabapo- 
lassar. New empire lasted till 538, when, together with Assyria, it was 
conquered by Cyrus the Persian. 

j^ ebiichadnezzar, most famous monarch of new empire (II Chronicles, 
xxxiv), defeated Egyptians and took Tyre and Jerusalem. Greatly 
enlarged and improved Babylon, and built " Hanging Gaixlens.'''' Last 
king Nabonetas., whose son and associate, Pelshazzar, was captured and 
slain at Babylon, 538. (Daniel vi.} 

No special contribution to civilization, as its work was merged in 
that of Assyria and Persia. Originated many sciences, but developed 
none to a great extent. , 

ASSYRIA. 

Location, in middle valley of Tigris and Euphrates. Area from 
50,000 to 60,000 square miles. Name derived from Assur.^ a principal 
god. People /S'em/^/'c — probably migrated from Chaldasa +1500 B. C. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 9 



Government a despotic inouarcliy. Religion polytheistic. Not so 
religious as the Egyptians. Worshipped deified sun, moon and planets. 
Winged bull and eagle-headed divinity favorite emblems. Architecture 
laro-elv of brick, with stone foundations — massive. Sculpture abundant 
and superior to Egyptian in finish. Antiquities explored by Layard 
and Bcmlinson. Writing cuneiform. Deciphered by means of triliteral 
inscription at Behistim; in Assyrian, Median and Persian. Had immense 
libraries, on slabs of brick, exceeding in quantity all yet discovered in 
Egypt. 

Made excellent pottery. Buried their dead in earthen jars. Cut 
gems. Apparently used the lens in fine ornamental work. A warlike, 
cruel, aggressive people. Conquered extensively to the west and east. 
Nineveh, chief city, a group of detached palaces on both sides the Tigris. 
Famous kings, Shalmaneser II., contemporary with Ahab, Jehu and 
Hoshea, +850; TUjlath-PiUsar II.., +'^50, who conquered Damascus 
and laid a tribute on Israel; Shalmaneser IV., vvho besieged Samaria, 
which was captured by Sargott, 721, who carried the ten tribes away and 
replaced them by foreigners from the east (IT Kings, xvi — xvii); Sen- 
nacherib, who made war on Judah, and whose army was destroyed near 
Jerusalem, -fGSO. (Isaiah, xxxvi — vii.) Empire was at its height under 
BJsarhaddon, +G70. Subjugated the Medes, 710. Cyaxares the Mede 
revolted, and, aided by Babylonians, took Nineveh, 625. Saracus, last 
king, set fire to his palace, and was burned with all his treasures. (Legend 
of Sardanapalus.) (Read also legend of Se?niraniis.) 

PERSIA. 

Persians an Aryan race — first appearing in history 650; then subjc^ct 
to Media. Became independent under Cyrus the Great, 558. Astyar/es 
last king of the Medes; fabled to be grandfather of Cyrus. Cyrus con- 
quered Crces'us king of Lydki, and the Greek colonies in Asia Minor; 
took Babylon from Belshazzar, 538. Sent Jews back to Jerusalem, 
See Ezra 536. Made war eastward as far as India. Killed in battle 
against the Scythians. (Tradition of Queen Tomyrts.) (Xenophon's 
Cyropaedia, a mere historical romance.) Succeeded by his son Cambyses, 
529. Cambyses conquered Egypt, 525; died on his way back to Persia, 
in suspicious circumstances. Kingdom usurped by Smerdts, a Median 
Magian. Smerdis killed by princes of the seven Persian tribes. Darius 
{Hystaspes) made king by lot. Organized the kingdom into satrapies; 
made roads and canals; instituted system of posts. Three capitals: Svsa, 
Ecbatana and Babylon. Made a great but unsuccessful expedition into 
Scythia, 513. (Probably the Ahasuerus of book of Esther.) Conquered 
Thrace and Cyrene. Made expedition against Greece, 492, on account 
of aid rendered to revolted Ionian cities by Athens, during which revolt 
Sardis had been burnt. Fleet wrecked off" 3It. Athos, and expedition 



10 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

abandoned. A second expedition, iOO, took Eretiia and landed at Mara- 
thon. Defeated by Athenians under Miltiades with great loss. Darius 
died in 485. His son and successor, J^erxes, made a great but unsuc- 
cessful invasion of Greece, 480. (For details see Greek History.) 

In 401, Cyrus the younger, satrap of Lydia, made an attempt to 
wrest power from his brother, Artaxerxes. Marched from Sardis to 
vicinity of Babylon. Defeated and killed at CitiiaJCa, Ten thousand 
Greek mercenaries in liis service escaped northward, and came out at 
Trebizond^ on the Black Sea, under lead of the historian Xenophon. 
{Retreat of the Ten Thousand.) This revealed to the Greeks the weak- 
ness of the Empire, and prepared the way for the conquests of Alex- 
ander. 

Empire overthrown by Alexander of Mocedon^ 33G to ooO. Darius 
Codomannus last king. Murdered by one of iiis officers named I>essus. 

Religion of the Persians, Mazdaisni, named from Ormazd^ the Crea- 
tor; the good principle; symbolized by the sun, by fire and light. Ahriman 
the evil principle, caused evil and death. The genii attended Ormazd 
and the dives Ahriman; and were always at war. Religion of Medes 
was called JIagism. They paid special worship to xVhriman. The two 
assimilated, and the priests were called Magi. Believed in immortality. 
Worshipped all the elements. Oifered sacrifices; particularly of horses. 
Kept perpetual fires in high places. Doctrines preserved in Zctld- 
Avesta, written or compiled by Zofoastct' [Zerdusht), -j-loOO B. C. 
Exposed their dead in open air. Modern sect of Parsees retain their 
leading notions of worship. The Magi formed a priestly caste. The 
" Wise Men from the East " were Magi. 

At first a bold, enterprising race, of warlike character and simple 
habits; but became corrupt and effeminate by luxury. Had no arts of 
importance; availing themselves of the service of conquered peoples. 
Architecture derived from the Assyrian and Egyptian, but much more 
graceful. Most famous remains at Persepolis. Remarkable for abund- 
ance of columns. 

Government despotic. Women clf5s^ly secluded. Kings closely 
guarded from contact with all sulijects. — v- 

Empire powerful from its vast extent, but lacked unity and consoli- 
dation. At widest extent reached from the Indus to the Hellespont. 

PHCENICIA. 

People Semitic — closely allied to the Jews. First appear in history 
+ 1400 B. C. Located on east shore of Mediterranean, west of Lebanon 
range. Chief cities, /S/V^Oil and T^?"6. Had very numerous colonies; 
Ccti'f/^«</e, founded -f 850, most important; also Gades in Spain. A 
commercial and manufacturing people. Made no wars for conquest, and 
used mercenaries for defence. Enterprising navigators and traders. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 11 

Manufactured glass, fine cloths, purple dye; mined and worked metals; 
had monopoly of trade in tin and amber. Probably visited British Isles. 
Invented first complete alphabet. Circumnavigated Afi'ica. Were the 
great diif users of civilization. 

Government a hereditary monarchy in the several cities, and a lOose 
confederation of towns. 

Religion, polytheistic. Jfelcart, J^aal, Moloch and Astarte princi- 
pal divinities. Offered human sacrifices; particularly of children. 

Old Tyre, on mainland, taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 573. Came 
under Persia after fall of Babylon. New Tyre, on island, taken by 
Alexander, 332. Afterwards became a part of kingdom of the Seleu- 
cidge. Remained an important city till time of Crusades. 

Great contribution to civilization the art of alphabetic wriiintj. 
Some remains of their art recently found in Cyprus. (Cadmus, Minos, 
Daedalus; myths of the Greeks to account for certain things which 
Greece derived from Phoenicia.) 



JEWISH HISTORY. 

tTewSf a late Roman name, derived from .Judasa. People called 
themselves Hebrews, from £Jber or I£ebe7\ the grandson of Shein. 
AJfl'dllilttl, the founder of the family out of which the nation grew, 
was a Semite; at first living among the idolatrous Chalda3ans. Migrated 
to Mesopotamia -[-2000 B. C; afterwards to Canaan., which was promised 
to his descendants. They migrated to Egypt, on account of famine, 
1700. Were afterwards made slaves, and held in bondage till the 
Exodus, +1320. Led out by 3Ioses, their law-giver, who had been 
brought up as heir-apparent of Egypt. Were in the wilderness of 
Arabia for forty years, till the old slaves had died off, and a race of free- 
men grown up. Conquered Canaan under Joshua, the servant and suc- 
cessor of Moses. 

Area limited. Territory about size and shape of state of New 
Hampshire. No navigable river. Only one good seaport [Acre). Had 
little foreign commerce; were never warlike. Mostly a pastoral or agri- 
cultural people. Had few arts. 

Four Periods of History. 

I. JPeriod of the JildgeSf 1320 till monarchy under Saul, 
1095. 

Government a pure theocracy. Laws administered by priests, 
chosen from a priestly tribe and family. Lands held by. tribal tenure. 
The judges were champions who became leaders not by formal choice, 
but by common recognition of their ability, or because of supposed 



12 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

miraculous gifts. Most noted, JoshlUl^ Jeplltliall, CrldeOYl, 

Samson^ Dehorah, and the last, the prophet Samuel. 

II. Monat'clnj ; from 1095 to 975. 

Three kings, Saul, David and Solomon; each said to have reigned 
40 years. Kingdom culminated under Solomon. In his time had some 
foreign trade and commerce, and imposed tribute on some neighboring 
nations. 

III. From Secession of Ten Tribes to Conquest of 
Judali; 975 to 586. 

At death of Solomon, ten of the twelve tribes seceded, and set up a 
separate kingdom, under Jerohoan%f with capital at Samaria, 
(II Kings, xii.) This kingdom soon became idolatrous. Conquered by 
Assyria, 721, and people dis])ersed. (II Kings, xvii.) Kingdom of 
Judah commenced with Reliohoainf son of Solomon, with the two 
tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Conquered by Nebuchadnezzar, 58G, 
and people carried captive to Babylon. (70 Years' Captivity.) 

IV. From Restoration, 536, to Roman Conquest, 63 
B. C. 

Restored to .Iud;Ba by Cyrus the Great, 536. (Read linok of Fl^va ,) 
More effectually organized by NeJiemiallf and tem])le rebuilt 445. 
Remained under Persia till 332; then sul)mitted to Alexander. Were 
under the Ptolemies about a century. Hebrew never spoken after return 
from Babylon. The Hebrew of the N. T. was a Semitic tongue, called 
Aramaic or Syriac ^ the vernacular of Palestine in time of Christ. 
After time of Alexander Greek became the business language. Many 
Jews lived in Alexandria. {^Septuafjint version of O. T.) Were for a 
while under the Seleucidiig of Autioch; but became independent in 166 
under the Maccabees, and formed an alliance with Rome. Reduced to 
Roman rule by Pompey, 63. Often rebelled. Were generally hated by 
other nations. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus, 70 A. D. Jews dispersed, 
and never again a nation. 

Contributed no arts to civilization. Great mission to preserve and 
reveal religious truth. Poetry far beyond that of any otlier oriental 
nation. Excelled in music. Most great composers of classic music of 
Jewish origin. Principal book except O. T. the Talinucl, or tradi- 
tional law; with comments. 

INDIA. 

Area about 400,000 miles. Comprised the valleys and deltas of 
the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra, and the triangular plateau of the 
Deccan. 

Indians an Aryan people, originally from the northern plateau of 
Iran. Migrated into the Indus valley -}-1900; driving eastward and south- 
ward a primitive dark race; the Dravidians. Became established in the 



GENERAL HISTORY. 13 

Ganges valley, -)-1500. Never united into a single nation. Many small 
states; no uniform system of government. 

Svstem of caste strongly marked; originally based on color; designed 
to separate the conquering Aryans from the enslaved Dravidians. High- 
est caste Brahmins or priests; next Kshattryas ov warriors; next Vaisyas 
or farmers. These three were Aryans. The Sudras or laborers were 
originally the enslaved Dravidians. Lowest caste Pa7'iahs. Sudras 
divided into sub-castes for each employment. No intermarriage and 
little social intercourse. 

Primitive language the SatlSCVit ; long since dead; but the parent 
of all Aryan speech. iVbundant literature; mostly religious. Famous 
epic poems, the Mahabharata and the Rahmayana. Oldest sacred 
books called the Vedas. Very minute rules for the regulation of life 
laid down in the " Laws of Menu ^'' 600 B. C. 

Primitive religion a nature-worship; as of Dyaus-pitar (Jupiter), 
the Father of heaven. Out of this primitive religion grew Brahministn^ 
marvellously polytheistic. Doctrine of transmigration of soul very 
prominent. Had a sort of trinity of gods; UraUltl the Creator, 
Vishnu the Preserver, and ShiVfl the Destroyer. 

In VI century B. C, Prince Siddartha, called also Gautama , 
Sakya 3£ufli and Uliddha, proposed a moral system, without 
creed or rites, out of which grew Buddhism, the faith to-day of 300,000,- 
000 of people. Directly opposed to Brahminism, as it laid no stress on 
forms, and asserted human equality. Persecuted and finally driven out 
of India. Much corrupted from its original form. 

Architecture massive; something like the Egyptian. Famous rock 
temples at Ellora and Elephanta. 

Excelled in mental philoso])hy and mathematics. Had alphabetic 
writing at an early date; wholly dissimilar to that of the west. Invented 
the so-called Arabic numerals. Had a large trade with the west in 
gems, spices, ivory and fine cloths. First known to western nations by 
invasion of Alexander, but not much affected by Greek influence. Chief 
contribution to civilization, the Arabic numerals and decimal arithmetic. 

In XI and Xil centuries partly subdued by Afghans. Portuguese 
first Europeans to found colonies in India, -f 1500. Mogill JEniplre 
founded ]526, by descendant of Tamerlane; capital at Delhi. Culmi- 
nated 1650 under Shah Jehan, who built the famous Ta] 3£ahal 
at Agra. Allf'l(il(/r^eb last great sovereign, +1700. In XVIII cen- 
tury Mahratta kingdom established in the Deccan. 

English East India Company organized 1600; Dutch, 1603. Madras 
founded by English in 1629. French commenced trading in India about 
the same time. Bombay ceded to England by Pox-tugal as part of dowry 
of Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. War between French and 
English, -[-1750. Clive, in battle of PlassCl/f 1757, defeated French and 
their native allies, and established British supremacy in India. Warren 



14 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Hastino-s, Governoi- General of India, impeached for extortion and 
cruelty. Wars with Mahrattas, +1800. Arthur Wellesley won battle of 
JLssctyCf took {^eringapatMn by assault. Tippoo Saib killed. Most of 
India under British control before 1820. Sikhs conquered and Punjaub 
annexed, 1845-49. SepOlJ Rehellloil, 1857. Terrible massacre at 
Cawnpore. Memorable siege of Lucknow; relieved by Havelock. Last 
trace of Mogul Empire destroyed. In 1858, government of India trans- 
ferred to British crown from East India Company. In 1877, Victoria was 
proclaimed Empress of India. 

GREECE. 

Located in most eastern of the three great peninsulas of southern 
Europe. In area 32,000 miles. (About size of Maine.J Remarkable for 
extent of seacoast, and for island and peninsular formations, which 
favored commerce and navigation and jDromoted independence. Called 
their own country HcJlaSf and themselves EEelleties, (Greece a late 
Roman name.) 

Oldest inhabitants the Pelasgi; an Aryan race; known chiefly by 
remains of their peculiar massive architecture, called Cyclopean. Sub- 
jugated by Hellenes prior to XV century. (The Arcadians were most 
akin to the Pelasgi.) 

Four principal tribes : Dorians; lonians; Molians; Acha- 
iatis. 

Three Great Historic Periods, 

I. Fabulous or Legendary ; from 2000 B. C. to Dorian 

Migration, 1100. 

II. From Dorian Migration to Persian Wars, 490 B. C. 

III. From Persian Wars to 3Iacedonian Conquest, 338 
B.C. 

Greeks called themselves Autochthones or Aborigines; but owned 
. themselves indebted to many foreigners; as, Banaus, the Egyptian, the 
founder of Argos; Cecrops the Egyptian, the founder of Athens (hence 
called Cecropia); Cadmus the Phoenician, the importer of letters and 
founder of Thebes; Pelo2ys the Phrygian, from whom the Peloponnesus 
was named. 

Early mythical heroes, Prometheus^ who stole fire from heaven; 
Deucalion, the Greek Noah; Jason, whose expedition for the Golden 
Fleece probably was an early piratic voyage; Hercules, the personifica- 
tion of strength and courage, whose "twelve labors" are famous; Theseus 
the first hero of Athens; 3Iinos the law-giver of Crete, a founder of 
civilization. 

Learn the names and general location of the states of Greece, grouped as North- 
ern, Central and Southern. Learn also the twelve great gods of Greek mythology 



GENERAL ^HISTORY. 15 

with their supposed offices, ami their corresponding Latin names. A good general 
knowledge of Greek mythology is essential to good literary education. The most 
famous semi-historical legend is that of the Trojan War, as related in the poems 
of tli^e Iliad and the Odyssey; and in the later dramatists. This story should be per- 
fectly familiar to the student. 

In Homer's time (1200 B. C.?j, Greece was made up of small towns, 
governed by petty kings — no unity of action — polygamy not common — 
woman was held in comjaarative respect— priests were a special class and 
were held sacred — religious feeling was strong — belief in praver firm — 
fatalism a common doctrine — money was not in use — knowledge of the 
arts exceedingly limited. 

About 1100, the Dorians migrated from Mt. Aeta southward into the 
Peloponnesus, driving out several other peoples. (Movement called in 
poetry, the Return of the Heraclidas.) Much colonizing followed, 
lonians colonized Samos, Lesbos and twelve cities in Asia Minor, of 
which Ephesus was the- chief. Dorians settled south of lonians; also on 
Island of Rhodes; /Eolians north, Greeks also had colonies in Cyrene in 
Africa; in Sicily; in Loxmr Italy, which the Romans called Magna 
Graecia; at Massilia in Gaul; in TJirace, particularly in the Chersonesus. 
The lonians and Dorians became the leading people; Athens and Sparta 
the leading cities. 

The lonians were democratic, vivacious, fickle, fond of amusement 
and art, commercial, susceptible to influence of poetry and eloquence. 
Dorians aristocratic, reserved, stern, treacherous, despised commerce, art 
and eloquence. 

Religion of the Greeks a worship of the great powers of nature 
deified. Cheerful and pervaded with a love of beauty; but often grossly 
sensual; with low conception of divine nature. Worshipped with pray- 
ers, votive offerings, processions and games. Famous oracles of Apollo 
at Delphi and Delos; of Jupiter at Dodona. 



GREEK GAMES. 

Four great games formed an important and peculiar feature in 
Greek life. 

I. The Olljnipiaii; held every fourth year at Olympia in Elis; 
in honor of Zeus and Hercules. First held in 776; the initial year of 
Greek chronology. All wars suspended during their continuance; gen- 
eral truce for thirty days- Open to all Hellenes. Women not allowed 
to witness them. Visited by great throngs from all parts of the world. 
Games consisted of running, wrestling, boxing, leaping and hurling the 
quoit or discus. In later days chariot racing was added. Victor 
received a crown of olive. Prizes of jDecuniary value never given. 
Special honors paid to the victor, his faiuily and city. 

II. Pythia^i; in honor of Apollo. Held every four years on 



16 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Cirrhfeaii plain near Delphi. Included music and poetry in addition to 
the above. Prize, sacred apples and laurel crown. 

III. NemCBUTi; in honor of Nemjean Zeus; held every two years 
at Nemaea in Argos. Prize, a crown of parsley. 

IV. lathniiaii; in honor of Neptune; held near Corinth; bien- 
nial. Prize, a wreath of pine. 

These games were a great stimulus to personal ambition, and pro- 
moted social feeling. Only bond of union between the several states 
was their common language and religion, and their common interest in 
these games. No permanent union of the states ever formed. Their 
love of independence was carried to a ruinous excess. Several Amphic- 
tyonic or neighborhood leagues; the most noted that of twelve northern 
cities; meeting at Delphi and Anthela. 



LACONIA, LACEDtEMON, OR SPARTA. 

People composed of conquering Dorians, conquered Achaians and 
enslaved Messenians or Helots. Government nominally a kingdom, with 
two Heraclidae at the head; really an aristocracy, directed by a senate of 
thirty nobles, with an executive of five ephors. Institutions attributed 
to LycuvgUS, -|-850. Designed to train soldiers. The individual existed 
only for the state. Infant children inspected by State officials, and the 
weak and sickly exposed to perish. Taken from home at seven and 
brought up by public officers; fed at public table; trained to endure hard- 
ship; taught cruelty. Commerce and agriculture forbidden to freemen. 
Money of iron. City left without walls. Brevity of sj^eech insisted on; 
eloquence despised. Generally had no literature. Women trained to 
gymnastics. Slavery among them in its most cruel forms. 

Had two great wars with Messenia, which was completely conquered 
and people enslaved. Conquered the Argives, and humbled the Arca- 
dians. 

ATHENS. 

At first a kingdom. Last king, Codrus, devoted his life for his 
country, and no one was thought worthy to be his successor. For three 
hundred years government administered by rulers called archons; chosen 
at first for life; then for ten years. Dt'ClCO, -f625, gave first code of 
written laws — very severe. Soloilf +600, gave an improved code, repeal- 
ing most of Draco's legislation. Divided people into four classes on 
propertv basis. All could vote, but the lowest class paid no taxes and 
could hold no office. Abolished slavery for debt, and lowered rates of 
interest. Constituted legislative assembly of four hundred, which pre- 
pared laws to be submitted to vote of people. Disfranchised men who 



GENERAL HISTORY. 17 

took no part in politics. Had arciions chosen yearly. Government soon 
usurped by tyrant J*islsfJ'(lttlSf a patron of literature and art; tlie 
first to collect and edit the poems of Homer. His son Hippias banished 
by an insurrection, with help of Spartans. Clelstheties introduced 
many important reforms in interest of popular government. Senate 
increased to five hundred. People divided into ten tribes; not upon 
birth or wealth. Each tribe chose a general, who commanded for a day 
in turn. Ostracism introduced. Hippias took refuge with the Persians. 



PERSIAN WARS, 490 TO 465. 

The Ionian colonies had been conquered by Cyrus the Great along 
with kingdom of Lydia. Revolted, -|-500. Received aid from Athens. 
Sardis burned. Darius Hystaspes, after a fruitless expedition into Scythia, 
resolved to humble Athens. First expedition by sea, 492. Fleet wrecked 
off Mt. Athos, and expedition abandoned. Second expedition, 490. 
Sailed from Samos; took Eretria in Euboea. Landed at JlavcifJlOU in 
Attica. Ninety thousand Persians defeated by 10,000 Athenians and 
600 Thespians, led by Milfiades. Spartans refused aid, on a religious 
pretext. 

Second invasion, 480. after Xerxes had come to throne. Great 
preparations made for three years. Provision depots established. Im- 
mense fleet gathered. Army estimated at more than two millions. 
Hellespont bridged with boats. Canal cut across base of Mt. Athos. 
First fight at pass of Thermopylce. Leonidas, king of Sparta, 
killed, and pass forced, with immense loss to Persians. Athens taken 
and burnt. Greeks by influence of Tiiemistocles trusted to their fleet; 
encountered Persians at SalaitliSg and utterly defeated them. Same 
day Sicilian Greeks defeated Carthaginians at Ilimera. Xerxes with- 
drew from Greece, leaving Mardonius with flower of army to complete 
conquest. Battle of Platwa, 479, won by Greeks, under command of 
Spartan Pausanias; Mardonius slain; Persians fled the country. Same 
day Persian fleet destroyed at Wycille, in Asia. Pausanias retook 
Asia Minor. Soon afterwards turned traitor. 

Themistocles rebuilt Athens. Built Phaleric walls. Confederacy 
of Delos; a naval league, with Athens at head. In 465, Cbnon., son of 
Miltiades, defeated Persian fleet and army on the Eurymedon., and 
forced a peace. 

In 464, Sparta was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. Messenians 
and Helots revolted. Athens, influenced by Cimon, reluctantly sent 
troops, but they were received with insults and recalled. Cimon ostra- 
cised. Revolt quelled. 

In 457, Sparta assisted by Thebes made war on Athens. Athenians 
were defeated at Tanagra. 



18 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



Pericles became prominent in Athens about 460. Serious quarrels 
between Athens and Sparta for '•'■Hegemony?'' Pericles built '•'•Long 
Walls^'' joining city to harbor of Pirjeus, and greatly improved the city. 
Built the Parthenon. P/ddias made colossal statue of Pallas in gold and 
ivory. 

PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 TO 405. 

Real cause; long standing jealousy between Athens and Sparta; or 
between democracy and aristocracy. Direct cause; aid given by Athens 
to Corcyra, a revolted colony of Corinth. Corinth obtained aid from 
Sparta. War finally involved nearly all states of Greece. At first 
Athens had no allies on mainland except Thessaly and Acarnania; but 
was strong at sea, and had many allies in islands. For two years the 
Spartans ravaged Attica, while the Athenians remained inactive in their 
walls; but sent expeditions to plunder Laconia, till the Spartans were 
compelled to return to defend their own territories. Great plague in 
Athens, 430 and 429. Pericles and several other prominent men died of it. 

Mytilene revolted in 427 — soon retaken. In 425, Athenians, aided 
b}'^ Messenians, occupy Pylos and blockade a large Spartan force in 
SpllClCtevla, Sparta offers favorable terms of peace; rejected by 
Athenians, influenced by demagogue Cleon, who took Sphacteria, with 
300 Spartan citizens. Athenians defeated at Deliwn, 424; lost Thrace, 
423. Peace of JVicias, 421; to last 50 years. 

In 410, ^gesta, in Sicily, at war with an ally of Syracuse, obtained 
aid of Athens. Spartans aided Syracuse. Alcibiades, an able, artful, 
ambitious and unscrupulous demagogue, made leader of the Athenian 
armament; the i>;reatest ever fitted out bv them. Charg-ed with sacrilesre 
before expedition sailed; recalled for trial, but fled to the Spartans. 
Expedition a total failure. One leader killed; the other a coward. All 
the force either killed or made slaves. Athens never recovered her 
power. 

War became almost wholly naval. Sparta intrigued with Persia to 
seize the Athenian colonies in Asia. Athenian fleet destroyed at ^Jgos 
FotaiflOSf in the Chersonesus, 405, by Lyscmder, the Spartan admiral. 
Athens taken, long walls destroyed. City saved from utter destruction 
by allies of Sparta. Oligarchy of the '^Thirty Tyrants'''' established. 
Thrasybiilus, 403, led a revolt, and restored democracy. 

In 401, Greek mercenaries aided Cyrus the Younger in an attempt 
to wrest the throne from his ])rother Artaxerxes. (See Persian History.) 
Early in IV century Sparta made war on Persia. Athens, Corinth and 
Thebes aided Persia. (Called the Corinthian I'Far.) Result the exclu- 
sion of all Greek states from Asia. 

In 375 commenced a struggle between Sparta and Thebes for 
hegemony . Spartans by treachery seized the Cadmea, and established 



GENERAL HI STUB V. 19 



an olio-aichy. Peloiyidas and afterward Epimanondas headed a revolt. 
IplUcrates^ an Athanian, rendered important aid. Thebans won battle 
of Leilctt'Cl. 371, and seriously threatened Sparta. Freed the Messe- 
nians. Won battle of Mantiaea, 362; but lost EjDimanondas. Thebes 
held the hegemony for a brief jjeriod. 



RISE OF THE MACEDONIAN POWER. 

Macedonians an Aryan people, but not acknowledged as Hellenes. 
First became noted under Pliilip, 360; an able, crafty, far-sighted king. 
Conquered parts of Thrace and Epirus. Organized a standing army 
(Phalanx). Summoned by the Thebans to take part in a '■'■Sacred 
Wrt?"" against Phocis. Phocis expelled from the Amphictyonic League, 
and its vote given to Macedon, giving Philip a pretext for Interfering in 
the affairs of Greece. Demosthenes the great orator of Athens made per- 
sistent but unsuccessful efforts to unite all Greece against Philip. In a 
third sacred war, incited by Philip, Athenians and Thebans defeated by 
Philip at ChCdrotiecif in Boeotia, 338. Philip proclaimed dictator of 
all Greece. Assassinated, 336. Alexander succeeded and was also pro- 
claimed dictator. Revolt of Thebes severely punished. City destroyed 
and people enslaved, except the family of the poet Pindar. 

In 334, Alexander invaded Persia by way of the Hellespont. Won 
his first battle at the G-ffltlicilS^ followed by the easy conquest of all 
Asia Minor. Defeated Darius on Plain of Tssus, 333. Took Ti/re after 
a siege of seven months. Jerusalem surrendered without resistance, 
.lews favored his so<'ereignty. Egypt conquered in less than a year. 
Founded Alexandria. Won battle of Arbela, 331; decisive defeat of 
Persians. Darius murdered by one of his officers. All the great cities 
surrendered without resistance. 

After some northern wars, Alexander marched into India. Won 
several battles, but achieved no permanent conquest. Compelled to 
return by a mutiny of his soldiers. Became unpopular because of his 
adoption of Persian habits of life and forms of court. Died at Babylon 
of a drunken debauch, 333. His kingdom was divided among his gen- 
erals. Civil wars followed for several years. Finallv five kino-doms 
which were essentially Greek grew out of the Empire. 

I. Syria; under the SeleilcidcB. Seleucia first capital; after- 
wards Antioch. Antiochus the Great quarreled with the Romans; was 
defeated at Magnesia, 190, and his kingdom became the Roman province 
of Syria. 

II. Egypt; under the Ptolemies. Kingdom nominally lasted 
till 31. Cleopatra, last sovereign. 

III. Macedonia; under line of Demetrius Poliorcetes, 

Capital city, Pella. Held Thrace and mogt of Greece under its power 



20 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

though somewhat checked by Achaian League, -|-280. Conquered by 
Romans, 1G8, in battle oi I*ycltl(lf and became a Roman province. 

IV. BitJlfJllia. Capital Nicomedia. Nicomedes, the last king, 
75, bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. 

V. JPet'gfintOS ^ under the Attalida3. This also was bequeathed 
to Rome, 133. 

Greece revolted after the death of Alexander; led by Athens, under 
influence of Demosthenes. (Known as the Lainlan TFar.) Insurgents 
defeated. Demostlienes committed suicide. Athens finally lost all 
political power. 

^tolian and Achaian Leagues founded -["'^S*^' T'he latter, under 
Aratus, held the hegemony in the Peleponnesus for a while. Both com- 
bined with the Romans to put down Macedon. Rome made large 
promises of freedom, which were not kept; and both leagues fought, 
vainly, against her. Achaian League finally crushed at Corinth, 146, 
and made subject to Roman governor of Macedon. Afterwards became 
a separate province, with the name of Achaia. 

The Greeks were the victims of their own clannishness and selfish- 
ness. 

The conquests of Alexander Hellenized the East, and prepared the 
way for the spread of the Christian religion by giving all lands a com- 
mon literary language. 

The great contribution of Greece to civilization is the idea of popu- 
lar government. Her contributions to literature and art are also invalu- 
able. The most important period in her literature was from 430 to 330. 

Most famous poets, Hoiuev, who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey; 
Mesiod, who wrote a Theogony, and "Works and Days;" Pindar , 
the only great name in Theban literature; Sappho; Anacreon; Alcaeus 
and Simonides. 

Great dramatists, AeScJli/Ii(S, Sojjhocles and Envipides the 
tragedians; and the comedian AvistopJianes, 

Historians, HeVodotllS the "Father of History;" Thui'ljdides 
the historian of the Peloponnesian War; Xenophofl^ who wrote of tlie 
"Expedition of the Ten Thousand"(The Anabasis); and Plutarch the 
biographer, whose book Emerson calls "The Bible of Heroisms." 

Pericles, DemostJienes, Phocloti, Aeschines and Iso- 

crates, " that old man eloquent," were the famous orators. 

HijJJ^OCrateS was the founder of the science of medicine; 
PytJiaf/oraS was one of the pioneers in Natural Philosophy; and 
Socrates was a famous teacher of morals, who made a great imjDression 
on his age. 

There were four noted schools of Greek philosophy. 

I. The Academic; founded by Plato f a pupil of Socrates; who 
was the wisest of the ancients. He believed in the unity of God and 
the immortality of the soul. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



II. The Peripatetic school; founded hy Aristotle; the tutor 
of Alexander; who was eminent in logic, and a pioneer in natural science. 

III. The Eliicurean; followers of Epicurus; who taught that 
the end of life is enjoyment. His [own life was pure; but his followers 
were guilty of gross debauchery. (A minor rival school were the 
Cynics; the snarling, dog-like school, who derided pleasure. Diog- 
eties was of this school.) 

IV. The Stoic School; founded by Zetio; made indifference 
the chief good. 

Excelled in sculpture. Phidias, contemporary with Pericles, the 
most famous. Prajciteles and Apelles also famous. None of their 
paintings extant; but many of the most famous statues are Greek. Most 
famous temples the Parthenon at Athens, and the Temple of Diana 
at Ephesus. 

Three orders of architecture, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian; 
differing principally in the proportion, and ornamentation of columns. 
Doric most massive; Corinthian lightest and most ornamented. 



ROMAN HISTORY. 

Earliest inhabitants of Italy, the Pelasgi, of whose Cyclopean archi- 
tecture there are many remains. Later inhabitants, Gauls \n the north; 
Etrnscans from the Arno to the Tiber; Italians in the center; and 
lapygians in the south. 

f Latins. 

The Italians comprised the \ Umbrians. 
' Isabines. 

[ Samnites. 

Southern Italy was early colonized by the Greeks. 

According to tradition the Latins were a mixture of a native race 
with Trojan immigrants, led by ^Eneas. They had a confederacy of 
thirty cities, of which Alha Longa was the head. 

Rome was said to have been founded by Romulus, 753. This prob- 
ably marks the date of the union of three little towns, on three separate 
hills; a Latin town on Palatinus; a Sabine town on the Quirinal, and an 
Etruscan town called Lucerum. Hence the three tribal names; the 
Titles or Sabines; the Rainiies or Romans; and the Luceres or 
Etruscans. The city probably grew up as a trading post for the three 
peoples. Roma is said to mean march or border. 

The Three Great Periods of History. 

I. The Kingdom, 753 to 509. 

II. The Coninionwealth, 509 to 31. 

III. The Empire; from 31 B. C. to 476 A. I). (Fall of Western 
Empire.) 



22 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Early liistory wholly legendary. Seven kings said to have reigned; 
Homnlus the civil and military founder; JVuma Pomjyilius the religious 
founder; Tullms Hostilius; Ancus Jffartius/ Tarquimus Priscus; Ser- 
viua Tullius the " Commons' Kltig^^ a reformer; Tarquimus Sujierhus. 
(The last three were Etruscans.) 

From earliest times there was a division of people into Patricians 
and Plebeians. Former the soldier class; only ones who had full citizen- 
ship. Divided into thirty ciiricB or wards; each containing ten gentes or 
clans. Met at summons of king in an assembly called Comitia Curiata. 
Senate at first an advisory body, summoned by kings. 

Servius Tullius reorganized the state. Made military service obli- 
gatory on all land- holders. Cavalry consisted of six centuries of patri- 
cians and twelve of wealthy plebeians {Equites). Land-holders divided 
according to their wealth into six classes. Weapons of each class 
specified. One hundred and sixty-eight centuries of infantry. Those 
who had no land made into seven centuries, and served as pioneers, arti- 
sans and substitutes. New assembly provided, called Comitia Cen- 
tu7'iata, composed of all that bore arms. Nothing but questions of war 
and peace came regularly before this assembly. 

The last king, with his whole family, expelled for outrage done to 
Xiucretia. Executive power then vested in two consuls chosen annually. 
Legislative power in a Senate, whose number varied from six hundred to 
a thousand. x\ppointed by kings; sometimes by censors. Not neces- 
sarily patricians. 

Tarquin attempted to recover his kingdom with aid of Porsena., king 
of Clusium. Rome taken by Porsena, but restored to secure help of 
Rcjmans against Latins. Latin League of thirty cities espoused cause 
of Tarquin, but were defeated at Lake PegiUus^ 495, and Tarquin aban- 
doned his design. 

Great civil dissensions at Rome, 493, caused by oppression of debt- 
ors by creditors, who took enormous interest and had almost unlimited 
power over debtors. Plebs seceded to Mans Sacer. Obtained cancella- 
tion of debts, release of imprisoned debtors, and annual election of two 
plebeian tribunes, who afterwards had seats in the Senate, and absolute 
veto power. Number afterwards increased to ten. New assembly con- 
stituted, called Comitia Trihuta^ in which voting was done by tribes, and 
wealthy no longer had a superiority. Coriolanus banished for trying to 
do away with tribunes. By P ahlilian Ljaw, 472, the tribunes were 
chosen in the Comitia Tributa. 

In 451, ten patricians were chosen to prepare a code of laws; in in- 
terest of popular government. During their year of office all other 
magistrates were set aside. Prepared " Xmos of the Ten Tables'''' ; said 
to have been partly based on laws of Solon. Other Decemvirs chosen 
next year to complete the work. Two tables added. Decemvirs became 
tyrannical; murdered Siccius Dentatus, a, former tribune; were finally 



GENERAL HISTORY. 23 

overthrown because of outrage done to Virginia by Appiics Claicdius, 
Consulate restored. Marriage of patricians and plebeians legalized; 
children taking rank of father. In 444, consuls gave place to nvilitary 
tribunes, with consular power, and ce)isors were appointed to take the 
census, classify citizens, appoint senators and equites, superintend state 
property and look after public morals. Had great power. 

In 394, TV<7, the great rival of Rome, was taken; an invasion of 
Gauls preventing the Etruscans from aiding their fellow city. In 390, 
Rome was taken by Gauls, after a severe defeat on river Allla. City 
plundered. Gauls finally bought off. Gauls led by Bremius. 

37G-367, memorable contest over LiclulaJl Rogatlons; laws 
desio-ned to aid debtor class and favor popular equality. 

I. All interest already paid on debts was to be deducted from the 
principal, and remainder to be paid in three equal annual installments. 

II. No one was to occupy more than 500 jugera of public land, nor 
pasture more than a specified number of cattle on public pastures. 

III. The military tribunes were abolished; the consuls restored; 
and one of them was to be a plebeian. 

Carried after nine years of most violent agitation. The 3I(((fll(l 
CJlClTffl of Rome. In a few years all important offices were open to 
plebeians. Promoted harmony; stopped civil discord for many years, 
and opened the way for foreign conquest. 

The Period of the Commonwealtli is divided into four Epochs. 

I. Stt'tKjffle for Existence; 509—300. 

II. EpocJi of Italian Conquest; 300 — 2(35. 
TIL Epocli of ForeifjH Conquest; 205—133. 

IV. Epoch of Civil Strife; 133—31. 

First war with Snmnium^ 343. Great war with Latins, resulting in 
dissolution of Latin League, 340 — 338. Second Samnite war, 320 — '504. 
Desperately fought. Romans defeated at Caadine Forhs by Pon- 
tias Thelesinas, the Samnite Hannibal, and sent under the yoke. 
Hoviatiain, great Samnite fortress, surrendered 305, and peace was 
made; soon broken by third war in which Samnites were aided by Gauls, 
Etruscans and other Italians jealous of growing power of Rome. Severe 
conflict; Romans finally victorious. 

In 280, PyrrJmS king of Epirus invaded Italy, in aid of Taren- 
tum^ which had murdered Roman citizens and insulted ambassadors sent 
to demand redress. Roman military system thus pitted against the 
Greek as developed by Alexander and his generals. Pyrrhus won l)at- 
tles of Pandosia and Asciilian, but with heavy loss. Went to Sicily. 
Returned in 275; was defeated at Beneventum and returned to Greece. 
Tarentum fell; and Rome soon obtained whole Italian peninsula. 

Three forms of government were established in the conquered 
cities. 

T. M^nnicipalities^ whose people had all the burdens, but iH)ne 



24 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

of the rights of citizens. They were sometimes, but not always, allowed 
to choose their own local magistrates. 

11. Colonies. Tlie lands of the conquered were distributed to 
old soldiers or to the poorer Roman citizens, who retained their full rio-hts 
and formed the governing class; also serving as garrisons. 

HI. AllleSf wliose rights varied according to special treaties. 
They were required to furnish troops, ships or supplies in case of war. 



PUNIC WARS. 

First Punic War, 264 — 3il. A contest with Carthage for the pos- 
session of Sicily. Direct cause, aid unjustly given by Rome to the 
Mamerti/ies, a body of Campanian mercenaries wlio had seized Messina. 
Romans built their first war fleet, and won naval battle of J\£y7m (2(30). 
Regulus invaded Africa; defeated Carthaginians, who sued for peace. 
Rome made such extravagant demands that Carthage rejected terms; 
and by aid of Spartan Xauthlppus defeated and captured Regulus at 
Tunes. Regulus died in prison. Most of remnant of his army drowned 
at sea on return voyage. (Common story of his return to Rome a 
fiction.) War for some years favorable to Carthage. Romans almost 
abandoned the sea. New fleet equipped at private cost, 241; and Luta- 
tius Catulus won great naval battle off the Agates, and ended the war. 
Carthage gave up all her claims to Sicily. Paid 3,200 talents as indem- 
nity. Rome took all western Sicily; leaving the east to Syracuse. 

Between the first and second Punic wars, Rome conquered Cisal- 
pine Gaul. Also conquered Sardinia. 

Secotld Punic War; 218 — 202. Caused by Roman jealousy 
of Carthaginian progress in Spain, and by efforts of Barca family in 
Carthage to secure revenge. Ostensible cause, attack of Hannibal on 
Sagantum and refusal of Carthage to interfere or to surrender Hannibal. 
Roman plan to invade Africa frustrated by march of Hannibal to invade 
Italy, from Spain, crossing Pyrenees and Alps. Marched far iidand to 
evade Roman armies. Probably crossed Alps at Little St. Bernard^ 
Defeated Romans in first encounter, in skirmish on the Ticinus. Won 
victory at the Trehia. Wintered in Gaul. Many Gauls joined him. In 
217, defeated consul Flaminius at LaUe TJlvasymene, Romans 
lost 36,000 inen. Turned east; crossed Apennines; went into southern 
Italy to secure aid of Greeks and Samnites. Defensive policy of Fabius 
Maximus angered Roman populace, and next year Varro was chosen 
consul expressly to force the fighting. Varro defeated at CdltncP in 
Apulia, witli immense loss. All southern Italy declared for Hannibal. 
Rome displayed great energy. Defeated Carthaginians in Spain ; pre- 
venting reinforcements to Hannibal. Stirred up Numidians to attack 
Carthage, and prevented Macedon from supporting Carthage by aiding 



GENERAL HIISTOBY. 25 

the yEtoliaii League. Invaded Sicily, and took Si/racuse. Hannibal 
marched upon Rome, but accomplished nothingr. 

li\ 207, Hasdrubal was defeated on the 3Ieta,llT'HSf while march- 
ing to reinforce his brother; most decisive battle of the war. Scipio 
invaded Africa, and Hannibal was recalled. Scipio won battle of 
Zdincif 202; Carthage compelled to give up Spain; to pay heavy tribute 
for fifty years; to give up its war fleet, and to make no wars without per- 
mission of Rome. Spain became a Roman province. 

Rome next made war on Macedon for aiding Carthage. Defeated 
Philip V. at C l/noscephalCBf 197. Philip made a humiliating peace. 
Greece declared free of Macedon. 

In 192, made war on Antiochus III of Syria, for meddling in affairs 
of Greece, and for taking Hannibal under his protection. Antiochus 
defeated at Ifagnesia^ 190; virtually ending kingdom of Seleucidfe. 
Hannibal fled to Bithjnia — finally committed suicide to avoid fallino- into 
hands of Romans. 

Third JIacedonkni JVcr, 171. Perseus sought revenge and recovery 
of Greece, Was at first successful, but was defeated, 168, at JPt/clilfl^ 
by ^Emilius Paulus. Both Macedon and Greece became subject to 
Rome. 

Third Plinlc Wat% 14 9 — 40. Caused by bitter hostility of 
older Romans. Pretext found in a war that Carthage was compelled to 
wage in self-defence against Numidia. City taken after a desperate 
defence of nearly two years, and completely destroyed. Roman province 
of Africa created, with capital at Utica. 

In I-IG, Rome made war on Ac/uean League^ whicli was incensed at 
Roman tyranny. Corinth taken; destroyed l^y order of Senate 

Revolt of Spanish tribes quelled by Scipio; Numantia^ last strong- 
hold, taken by Scipio, 135. Same year, Servile War in Sicily. 



PERIOD OF CIVIL STRIFE. 

In 135, T. Se7nprom,us Gracchus sought to enforce second Licinian 
law, and also to distribute among the people tlie treasure bequeathed by 
Attalus of Pergamos, to enable the poor who received land-grants to 
stock their farms. Illegally deposed his colleague, and secured the 
appointment of himself, his brother and his father-in-law as commission- 
ers to distribute lands. Attempted to secure an illegal re-election, and 
was killed, with three hundred of his followers, in a mob excited by the 
nobles. His attempted distribution partly carried out. 

Cams Gracchus^ 123, was elected tribune for two successive years. 
Introduced pernicious custom of free distribution of grain to people; 
also farming of taxes, a source of corruption and oppression. Trans- 
ferred judgeships from senators to equites; creating an order of aristoc- 



26 .1 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

racv based on wealth. Secured a law that all death sentences should be 
submitted to vote of people. Attempted to give full citizenship to all 
Latins. Became somewhat unpopular, and was killed by nobles in Capi- 
tol. Most of his measures soon repealed. Both the Gracchi sought to 
carry out good measures by illegal or questionable means. 

JUffUrthhie War, 111—105. Jliapsa, king of Numidia, left 
kingdom to his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal^ and to his nephew, 
Jugnrtha. Jugurtha murdered Hiempsal and expelled Adherbal, and 
bribed a commission of the Roman senate to support liis claim. Finally 
conquered by Marius, aided by Sulla; taken to Rom(> and starved in 
prison. 

Invasion of Cinihrl and TeiitoneSf 113—101. 

Tribes from northern Germany, seeking new homes, overran eastern 
Gaid and a part of Spaiji. Defeated five consular armies. ]\Iarius 
chosen consul five times in succession. In 103, defeated Teutones at 
AqUW SextifVii^ southern Gaul. In 101, defeated Cimbri in Rdialian 
pJaln^ near Verona. ( Vo'cellce.) 

In 100, Marius, aided by Servilius Glauca and L. Saturninus, sought 
to acquire supreme power. Marius abandoned his associates, and they 
were killed by a mob. 

From 90 to 88 was the Social or Jlai'siaih War. Most of the 
Italian allies of Rome revolted; claiming full citizenship. Organized a 
new government on Roman model. Hard struggle for nearly two years. 
Rome first granted all Latins full citizenship; jMit down revolt; then gave 
full citizenship to all Italian freemen who applied for it in due form. 

First Mithradatic War^ 88—84. Jlit/mtdates king of 

Pontus invaded teri-itory of Roman allies; drove Roman armies out of 
Asia; ordered general massacre of Romans throughout his dominions, in 
which 80,000 are said to have perished. Chief conduct of war against 
Marius given to consul Sulla, an aristocrat. Sulpicius, a tribune 
attempted to obtain chief command for Marius; obtained vote of people 
to recall Sulla; and thus commenced the First CivH War. Sulla 
turned back to Rome with his army; took city "by storm; killed Sulpicius 
and drove Marius into exile to Africa. Next year while Sulla was in 
Asia, Cinna the consul recalled Marius and murdered many of the 
nobles. Marius soon after died and Cinna played the tyrant at Rome for 
two years. Sulla defeated armies of Mithradates in Asia ami in Greece, 
where the king was supported by Greeks in hope of regaining- independ- 
ence. Made a favorable peace in 84. Returned to Rome; in a year 
overcame all opposition; was proclaimed dictator for an unlimited time. 
Proscribed and murdered many of opposite party; distributed confiscated 
lands to his soldiers. Reorganized Senate on a plan favorable to aristoc- 
racy. Appointed three hundred new senators; restored judicial power to 
senate. Reduced power of tribunes; took from Censors right to exclude 
senators. Resigned his office in 79, and died soon after. Marian party 



GENERAL HISTORY. 27 

in Spain kept up war under lead of Sertorius, a noble Roman, who was 
assassinated by one of his own officers. Pompey soon subdued the rem- 
nant of the party. 

Servile TVar^ 73 — 71. Gladiators at Capua broke out in revolt, 
headed by Tlu-acian Spdt'tdCUS. Joined by thousands of slaves, who 
then greatly outnumbered free population. Defeated four consular 
armies and marched on Rome. Finally put down by Crassus and 
Pompey. 

A. secojtd Mithradalic vKir occurred in 83 — 81; favorable to Mithra- 
dates. 

Wars with pu'dtes in Crete, Cilicia and Illyria, 78 — G7. Crete and 
Cilicia taken and made provinces. Gabiiilau laip, G7, gave Pompey 
almost unlimited powers, and he speedily and effectively suppressed 
piracy. 

Third 3Iithradatie War commenced in 74. Mithradates 
aided by his son-in-law, Tiijnuies., king of Armenia. LuchUhs com- 
manded Roman forces; gained several important battles; took many 
fortified towns. Mutiny amonof his soldiers compelled him to withdraw. 
Pompey, by Manllian law^ was intrusted with extraordinary powers. 
Was finally successful. Mithradates killed himself in exile. Romans 
took nearly all Asia and Syria; including Palestine. 

Conspivnrtj of Catiline, 63 — 03. Catiline was a partisan of 
Sulla; ambitious, needy and unscrupulous; leader of the anarchists, who 
hoped to enrich themselves by plunder and confiscation. Attempted in 
G6 to murder the consuls. In 04 renewed the attempt, in hope to secure 
his own election. Cicero elected. Catiline jjlaiined the firing of the 
city; the murder of Cicero and many prominent citizens. Had an army 
gathered in Etruria; made up of old soldiers of Sulla and of the debtor 
class. Cicero by means of spies discovered his plots, and denounced 
him in person in the Senate. Catiline fled to Etruria. His partisans in 
the city intrigued with the Allobroges to secure aid from Gaul. De- 
tected; nine of them put to death without vote of people. Catiline's 
army in Etruria attacked, and Catiline with his entire force killed. 
Great honors conferred on Cicero ; yet his action was the cause of his 
political ruin, exile and death. 

First TriliniLHrate formed in 60; a political ring, composed of 
Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. Ciesar represented the popular or Marian 
party; Pompey, the Sullan or aristocratic party; Crassus, the equites or 
wealthy plebeians, who were jealous of the born aristocrats. DistTibute<l 
all offices to please themselves. CiBsar by agreement was consul in 59, 
and next year was appointed to command in Gaul for five years, with 
unusual powers. Five years were afterwards added to his term. Duriiio- 
this time he conquered all Gaul; twice invaded Britain ; drove out Ger- 
mans and twice crossed the Rhine. Accumulated immense wealth. 
Gauls defeated because of lack of union. 



28 A TOPICAL UUTLIXE OF 

During his absence Crassus was killed in battle against the Par- 
thians. Pomjjey became hostile to Ctesar, who was forbidden to stand 
for the consulship during his absence; was finally ordered to disband his 
army and return to Rome. Refused; invaded Italy with a single legion. 
''Crossing t/ie Iiuhico)i.) Pompey, with many of his party, fled to Greece; 
Ciesar occupied Rome without resistance. In -IS, after defeating Pom- 
pey's i^arty in Spain, he pursued Pompey into Greece. Besieged him in 
Dyrradiiu/n; was repulsed in a sortie; retreated to Thessaly, whither 
Pompey followed him. Pompey defeated at Pharsoliaf -J-S; fled to 
Egypt, where he was murdered by order of Ptolemy. Caesar followed to 
Egypt; became involved in war between Ptolemy and Cleopatra, and 
narrowly escaped with his life. In -47, he defeated Pharnaces, son of 
Mithradates, at Zeld, (Vent\ vicli, vici.) In 4G, defeated republican 
paitv at Thapsns in Africa; led by Scipio and Gato. Cato committed 
suicide in Utica. C<esar celebrated four triumphs at Rome. Made Dic- 
tator for four years. Reformed the calendar, by aid of Egyptian astrono- 
mers. In -45, defeated sons of Pompey at 31iunl(lf in Spain, in hard 
fought battle. Was virtually sole ruler of the state, though he never 
assumed regal title. Greatly enlarged the Senate. Made many unpopu- 
lar appointments. Changed ta.\-farming for direct taxation. Distributed 
lands and colonized extensively. Cut off 150,000 from free distribution 
of corn. 

Assassinated in Senate by J^rutiis^ Casslus, and about fifty republi- 
cans, 44. People, incited by A/t(ONi>fs, mobbed houses of conspirators, 
and thev fled from Rome. Antony assumed to be Cc'esar's executor, and 
claimed unlimited power. Declared a public enemy by Senate, who put 
up against him Octavhcs, adopted son of C;>?sar. 

Second TrhiniviratCf 43. Union of AntoniKS, Octavius and 
Lepldas to reorganize state. Many proscriptions. Cicero murdered to 
please Antony. Republican party defeated at J*7</7//>7>/, 42. Cassius 
killed himself on hearing false report of death of Brutus; Brutus defeated 
in a second battle, also committed suicide. Getavius took the west; Anto- 
nius the east; Lepidus, Africa. Antony, fascinated by Cleopatra^ divorced 
Octavia, sister of Octavius. War followed. Antony and Cleopatra 
defeated at naval battle of A-CtllUtl, 31. Octavius pursued them to 
Egypt. Antony killed himself, and Cleopatra also took her own life 
soon after. Octavius became sole ruler. Received title of Augustus in 
27. Retained the oifice of consul, but often granted it to some favorite. 
Reduced the Senate, and made it open only to wealthy. 

Augustan A.<je remarkable for great development of Roman 
literature. His favorite 3Iaecenas was patron and protector of literary 

men. Horace, Virgilf Catullus^ Ovid and Livy all belonged 

to this reign. 

JESUS CHRIST born four years before date now called Christian 
Era. Crucified in reign of Tiberius; probably in 31. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 29 

In 9 A. D., three Roman legions, commanded by Varus, were com- 
pletely destroyed in the Teiltoblirger Walcl by German chief 
j£t'HlhlltlS or Hermann, This prevented the Latinizing of Germany. 

Tiberius, step-son of Augustus, succeeded him in 14; an infamous 
tyrant. His minister Sejanus generally liated. Prjetorian cohorts made 
imperial body-guard; tlie beginning of militaiy control of state. 

Conquest of Britain commenced in reign of Claudius, 43. 

First persecutions of Christians in reign of Nero, 64. 

Revolt of Jiatavians under Civilis, 71. 

Jerusalem destroyed by Titus, 70. Triumphal arch in honor of his 
victory still standing. Coliseum built by Titus and Vespasian. 

Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 79. 

Conquest of Britain comjDleted by Agricola, 84. 

After Nero's time power generally in hands of army. Empire 
reached its widest extent under Trajan, 135. 

(Learn names and dates of the " Tioelve C'ce.s-ars," and the ^^ Five 
Good Emperorsy) 

Roman character degraded by increase of luxury, and by importa- 
tion of foreign vices. Military spirit declined; armies filled by foreigners. 
Games became more and more bloody in character. Populace of Rome 
largely supported by largesses. 

Last remnant of Jewish nationality destroyed in 135; in consequence 
of a revolt. 

Dynasty of the SflSSanldes, -f-220, revived the Persian Empire, 
and gave Rome much trouble. 

Aurelian, 370 — 75, conquered Zenohia, famous queen of Palmyra. 

Diocletian, 284 — 305, appointed a colleague; also two chiefs of army, 
styled Cmsars. Persecuted Christians with great severity. Voluntarily 
resigned, and died in obscuritv. 

Constantine, 312 — 337, favored Christians, and made Christianity the 
court religion, though never liimself in full church communion. Became 
sole Emperor in 323, after a long contest. Edict of Milan, granting 
toleration to Christians, 313. 

First great Church Council at Nleced, in 325, to decide memorable 
dispute between Arius who denied the divinity of Christ and Athanasius 
who affirmed it. Arius condemned. Controversy very bitter, and led to 
wars. Goths converted by Arian teachers, and persecuted Trinitarians. 

Julian the Apostate, 360, attempted to restore paganism. Died of 
wound received in battle against Persians. 

Goths invaded Roman territory, 375. Settled in Servia and Bul- 
garia. Emperor Valens killed by them in battle. Were admitted as 
allies. 

Theodosius, 395, abolished idol worship by law. At his death, in the 
same year, the Empire was divided into Eastern and Western; Arcadius 
taking the East and Honor ius the West. 



30 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 

I. The Empire outgrew the nation. The Roman element was 
hopelessly lost in numbers of foreigners. 

II. Increase of luxury and vice, because of conquest and plunder. 

III. Exaltation of military power above the civil. 

IV. Influence of Christianity in promoting desire of freedom. 

V. Irruptions of compact and vigorous northern nations. 



EMINENT FATHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 

Origen of Egypt; Cyprian of Carthage; Ambrose of Milan; Chrysos- 
tom of Antioch (afterwards of Constantinople); Jerome^ who translated 
the Bible into Latin [Vulgate Version)^ Augustine of Hippo in Africa, 
founder of systematic theology. 

Primitive religion of Rome idolatrous; borrowed from Etruria. 
More stern and gloomy than the Greek faith. Worshipped twelve great 
gods, often identified with the Greek twelve, but their notions of deity 
were altogether different. Priests appointed by civil authority. Augurs 
and haruspices professed to interpret signs and omens, on which great 
stress was laid. Paid special homage to 3Iars, the reputed father of 
Romulus. In later times often formally adopted gods of other nations. 

Government never one of equality, as wealthy classes had most 
power. Form of freedom much prized, even after substance was gone. 
Never excelled in arts or in literature. Borrowed their best in these 
from Greece. After conquest of Greece cultivated philosophy to some 
extent, particularly the Stoic. 

Under Augustus the Empire reached from the British Channel to 
the Caspian. Included three civilizations, Greek, Latin and Oriental. 
Estimated population, one hundred millions, of whom half were slaves. 
Slavery was often very cruel; but many slaves were freed, and the fact 
of slavery was no great degradation. Cruel and overbearing in dealing 
with other nations. In early times noted for their rigid morality. 
Showed more honor to women than Eastern nations did. 

Estimated revenue in time of Augustus, $200,000,000. Taxes 
farmed; a great source of oppression and corruption. Standing army in 
late empire, 350,000. Population of Rome at maximum estimated at 
2,500,000. 

V century remarkable for great ^migration of liatioilS. 
Goths and Vandals MnAer AZfiric invaded Italy. Repulsed for a while 
by Stilicho, general of Honorius. Stilicho murdered by order of 
Honorius. Alaric took Rome 410. Died same year while marching to 
invade Sicily. Buried in the Busento. Followers went to Spain; estab- 



GENERAL HISTORY. Bi 

lished kingdom of VcindaUisia. Passed over to Africa; took Carthage. 
Espoused the Arian faith. Oldest specimen of their language, version of 
the Bible in Gothic, by JJlfUas. Under Genseric, 455, took Rome; plun- 
dered unsparingly, and mutilated many works of art. (Hence term 
Vandalisyn.) 

About 435, the Scots migrated from Ireland to Scotland; aided 
Picts to vpar upon the Latinized Celts in Britain. (Roman troops had 
been withdravrn on invasion of Alaric.) Britons obtained aid from 
Saxons, who repelled the invaders, but seized the island for themselves. 

About 450, Attilci the Hun, of a Turanian race, invaded Thrace, 
and pushed westward as far as central France, plundering and destroying 
from mere lust of destruction. Defeated near Chalons, 451, by Romans 
under ^-Etius, and Visigoths under Theodoric. Attila died in 453. 
Called " The Scourge of God." (Called Etzel in Nihelungen Lied.) 
Venice founded 451 by refugees from the mainland, fleeing from Huns. 

St. Patrick in Ireland about 430. Made Irish a Christian people. 
Drove out the Druid religion; of which the serpent was a characteristic 
emblem. Hence said to have driven out the serpents. 

Franks under Clovis settled in eastern Gaul in latter part of cen- 
tury. 

Western Empire overthrown, 4:76, by OdoaceVf chief of the 
Heruli. (Heruli supposed to have been a military brotherhood.) Last 
Emperor Romulus Augustulus. 

Odoacer conquered by Theodoric the Ostrogoth^ who made 
Verona his capital and reigned with ability for thirty-three years. 
(Called Dietrich of Berne in old German ballads.) 

Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by Eastern Empire, 540. Became 
'•'Exarchate of Ravenna;'''' nominally under Eastern Empire until VIII 
century. 

Alhoin king of the Lombards founded a kingdom in northern Italy, 
568. Western Empire finally came under Charlemagne; ultimately 
under Germany. 

The great contributions of Rome to history were constitutional 
law and tnilitary science. 



RISE OF ISLAM. 

Moliammed, born of a poor family and of little education, professed 
wlien about 40 years of age to receive a divine commission to preach a 
new religion to his idolatrous countrymen. For twenty years professed 
to receive from time to time revelations which, collected by his followers 
after his death, constitute the Koran., the bible of Islam, borrowed 
largely from the Talmud. Contains some smattering of Christianity, 
such as might be learned by hearsay, but much more like Judaism. Had 



8*2 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

some ideas from Magiau religion. Recognized Moses and Christ as 
ijrophets, but inferior to himself. 

Made few converts at Mecca. Persecuted and fled to Medina, 622. 
This flight, or He<J iva , is the initial date in Moslem Chronology, 

Resolved to propagate his religion by the sword. Died in (io'^. 
Islcmi means peace or salvation. Jfoslem means the righteous. 

Leading doctrines, unity of God; divine authority of Mohammed; 
final salvation of all true believers; immortality; sensual paradise. 

Leading duties, prayer five times a day; fasting; ablution; alms- 
giving; pilgrimage to Mecca, personally or by proxy; war in defence of 
the faith. 

Prohibitions, gambling; drinking of wine; idolatry; theft. Polygamy 
allowed and divorce made easy. Laws of circumcision, and of clean and 
unclean foods much the same as Jewish. 

On death of Mohammed a quarrel as to succession gave rise to two 
sects, one following Ali, the son-in-law; the other Omar, the cousin of 
Mohammed. The latter are regarded as the orthodox party. Persians 
follow Ali; Turks, Omar. 

Followers politically known as Saracens. (Dwellers i;i the sand.) 
Soon conquered Persia, Syria and Egypt. Founded Cairo. {Al Kdir, 
the city of victory.) Story of destruction of Alexandrian library prob- 
ably false. Conquered Africa and Sicily before close of VII century. 
Often attacked Constantinople. Invaded Spain at the instigation of a dis- 
affected Gothic noble (Count Julian). Roderick, last king of the Goths, 
defeated and killed at battle of Xei'es, 711. Overran all Spain except 
the northwest, where the kingdom of the Asturias was maintained by 
Goths. Invaded France; defeated by Charles Martel at Toiirs, 732, a 
most important victory. Established a powerful kingdom in Sjiain; 
capital, Cordova. For a while subject to Caliphate of Bagdad; but soon 
became independent. Haroun Al Easchld of Bagdad contemporary of 
Charlemagne, with whom he interchanged j^resents. (See Arabian 
Nights.) 

Saracens brought to Europe decimal arithmetic, algebra, astronomy, 
chemistry and medicine. Had famous schools at Cordova and Sala- 
manca. 

Eastern Saracens weakened by their own dissensions; easily con- 
quered by Turks. Goths gradually recovered most of Spain; but Sara- 
cens (or Moors) held part till 1491. (See Spanish History.) 



PRANKISH MONARCHY. 

The Franks, or ax-men, invaded eastern Gaul from Holland and 
Hanover, 490, under Clovis. [Chlodovig or Zudioig.) Clovis embraced 
Christianitv. Formed kingdom in northern France. Line called Mero- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 83 

vingiaii, from legendary ancestor. Twenty-eight kings of this line. 
Two separate kingdoms for a century, known as Austrasia and Neustria. 
Rival queens, Brunehaut of Austrasia, and Fredigonda of Neustria 
caused a long and bloody strife. ' Later kings known as "Sluggards." 
Power generally entrusted to an officer called " Mayor of the Palace." 
In 752, Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, deposed Chilperic, last 
of the Merovingian line. His claim was recognized by Pope in return 
for aid given him against the Lombards. 

With Pepin begins the Carlovingian line, taking its name from 
Charles Martel. Charlcniagtief 768 — 814, sought to establish Ger- 
man political ideas and establish Christianity. Made repeated wars on 
the Saxons; conquered as far as the Elbe. Enforced baptism. Con- 
quered Bavaria, and in Hungary as far as the Theiss; subdued Spain as 
far as the Ebro. 

His nephew, Roland, famous in romance, killed at pass of Ronceval- 
les in retreat from Spain. Aided Pope against Lombards; took country 
and assumed its iron crown. Crowned at Rome, JEinperov of the 
TVesty 800, by Pope Leo II. A scholar and patron of learning — able, 
farsighted and just. Divided his empire among his four sons, which led 
to many quarrels; and becoming a Prankish custom, made much trouble. 



Partition of Verdun, 843, 

Quarrels between the sons of Charlemagne led to wars which finally 
resulted in a division of the Empire into three kingdoms, out of which 
came Italy, Germany and France. Lothaire took Italy which included 
Burgundy; Louis, Germany; and Charles the Raid, southern and western 
France. 

EARLY HISTORY OF GERMANY. 

The word German is derived from a Celtic word which means neigh- 
bors. First appear in history, 113 B. C, in Cimbric invasion. Had no 
towns. Warlike and independent. Paid unusual deference to woman. 
Idolaters. Had no regular priests. Principal gods, Odin, the All- 
father, Thor, Tiu and Hertha. Offered human sacrifices. Pastoral 
rather than agricultural. No literature or art. Had a system of military 
brotherhoods; the original of chivalry and feudalism. Tacitus, chief 
authority for history. 

Invaded Gaul -^10 B. C, under Ariovistus. Defeated by Ctesar, 
58, who twice invaded Germany, but attempted no permanent conquest. 
Germans often served in Roman armies. 

Rhine valley partly conquered by Drusus, 10 B. C. Revolt led by 
Armi7ii^is, 9 A. D., resulted in utter defeat of Romans, who never after. 
3 



34 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

wards held right bank of Rhine. History obscure and unimportant until 
V century. 

Principal German tribes, Allemanni in southwest (hence tlie French 
AllemagHe); Franks^ Baxo'ns or north< Germans; Goths in east; Cimbri. 
in north (Danes?); Burcjundians {Burf/Jbers or townsmen, a.s they had 
towns), living on the upper Rhine. 

Conquered by Charlemagne in latter part of VIII century. Line of 
Charlemagne ended in Oil' and Cofirttd, Duke of Franconia, was 
elected king by nobles. War with the Magyars^ who had invaded Hun- 
gary. His successor, Henry the Foioler^ real founder of the monarchy. 
OtllO the Gventf 936 — 73; conquered Lombardy, and re-established 
the Empire of the West, known henceforth as the Holy Itomim 
Empire. Obtained the right of confirming the election of the Pope. 
Had constant wars with the Magyars. Deposed one Pope, and secured 
the election of another. Henry HI, 10-46, deposed three rival popes 
and appointed a German bishop to the place. Appointed a Norman 
Duke of Apulia. 

Henry IV had a memorable quarrel with Pope Gregory VII in 
regard to right of investures. Compelled by interdict to humble himself 
at Canossa, 1077. Afterward drove Gregory into exile, and secured 
election of Clement TIL Gregory died in exile. 

By Golden PuU, 1356, the Emperor was to be chosen by seven 
electors, the archbishops of Mentz^ Treves and Cologne; the Elector 
Palatine, king of Bohemia, Duke of Saxony, Marquis of Brandenburgh. 



GUELPHS AND GHIBELLTNES. 

The Hohenstaufen line of Emperors, 1138 — 1254, were almost con- 
stantly at war with popes and those Italian powers that preferred national 
independence to foreign rule. The reigning family in Germany had an 
estate called Waiblingen, and a rival family, of Italian descent had an 
estate called Welf; and these words, corrupted into Gueljyh and Ghibel- 
line, became symbols of the rival claims. 

The Guelphs were the Italian or home-rule party; the Ghibellines 
favored German rule. Popes generally were Guelphs. Quarrel lasted 
more than two hundred years, and ended in expulsion of Germans. 

Sicily went to France. French expelled in 1282, by a terrible 
massacre [Sicilian Vespers), and kingdom went to Aragon. 

Most famous Hohenstaufen king, Frederick Barbarossa. Memor- 
able war with Lombard League of northern Italian cities. Invaded 
Italy six times. Defeated by league at LegfldtlOf 1176, and compelled 
to give up all rights except that of nominal lordship. Went oa Third 
Crusade, and was accidentally drowned in Cilicia, 1190. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 35 



FEUDAL SYSTEM. 

Of Teutonic origin. Prevailed over continental Europe from X to 
XV century. All conquered lands became the property of the people, 
and were distributed among freemen. Each share vpas called an allo- 
dlum. Large landed proprietors rented their lands on military tenure; 
that is the rent was to be paid in military services. Lands thus rented 
or held in trust were c?i\\&(i feuds qv fiefs; {fides or trust). Owners were 
.styled suzerains or lieges. Tenants called vassals, liegemen or retainers. 
Princes and great nobles were generally crown vassals. One king might 
be a vassal to another for certain lands and be bound to furnish aid in 
specified cases. Thus the English kings were vassals to France for Nor- 
mandy. The king of France was over-lord to all Norman vassals of the 
English crown. 

Lands were designated a,s feudal or allodial. Serfs were slaves of 
the soil ; bought and sold with it, but not otherwise. 

In times of danger, small allodial proprietors would surrender their 
allods and become vassals to secure protection. Li peace, need of money 
might lead lords to sell their lands, which might then become allodial. 
During Crusades many persons and towns, especially in Flanders and 
Italy, bought exemptions from feudal tenure. 

Feudalism never prevailed in England ^Drior to Norman Conquest. 
Most developed in Germany and France. 

General influence of system bad. A vassal had no right of appeal 
from his immediate lord, who was, of course, an interested party. It 
tended to keep up war, as the only way a lord could get rent from his 
lands, and made war depend on plunder. Retarded nationality and hin- 
dered consolidation of power. 

Broken up principally by energetic kings, who enlarged their own 
power by strengthening people against nobles. (Louis IX and XI of 
France particularly noticeable.) Also by rise of free towns. Church 
generally opposed it, as it favored war. 



THE CRUSADES : 1095 TO 1271. 

Immediate cause, injuries done to pilgrims in Palestine by Seljouk- 
ian Turks who had taken Jerusalem in XI century, and set up a kingdom 
called Rouyn., with Niccea as capital; and were threatening all the East. 
Petef EEeVJnif of AmieJis preached a war for recovery of Holy Sepul- 
chre, and produced a wonderful excitement. Two great councils held, 
at Placentia in Italy, and Clermont in central France, 1095. Cross 
assumed as badge, and movement called Crusade, or "War of the Cross." 
Deus Volt, the watchword. Jews massacrea in many places. About 



36 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

90,000, mostly of the cominou people, started for Palestine, led by Peter 
Hermit and Walter the Penniless; without organization or supplies. 
Marched by valley of Danube. Plundered country for support; massa- 
cred Jews; mostly killed in Bulgaria, or died of fatigue and starvation. 

In 1096, four separate armies started; army of north, led by Godfrey 
of Boidllon^ by way of Rhine and Danube; army of Southern France, 
under Raymond of Toulouse, through Lombardy, around head of Adri- 
atic; Norman army from Apulia, under Taiicred, by water. One under 
Robert of Normandy took ship at Ancona. All met at Constantinople. 
Coldly and treacherously received by Greeks, who feared them; not 
without reason. Took Nicma., 1097; though it was treacherously sur- 
rendered to Greeks. Defeated Turks at DorifJceuni, in greatest 
cavalry battle ever fought. Baldwin of Flanders captured Edessa^ and 
set up a kingdom. 

In 1098, Autioch was taken, after long siege; besieged in turn by 
immense army; reduced to extremity by disease and famine. Saved by 
desj^erate sally. {Holy lance.) Marched on Jerusalem, 1099, and took 
city by assault. Numbers reduced from 600,000 to 20,000. Established 
Mngdom, of Jerusalem which lasted +90 years. Godfrey chosen first 
king, but refused title; and was called '•'•Defender of the Holy Sepul- 
chre.'''' Laws of kingdom known as " Assizes of Jerusalem'''' valuable as 
a clear system of mediaeval law. 

Second Crusade, 1147 — 49, 

Caused by fall of Edessa. Led by Conrad III of Germany, and 
Louis VII oi France. Attempted siege of Dam,ascus., but accomplished 
nothing. 

Third Crusade, 1189—92. 

In 1187, Saladill, sultan of Egypt, an able leader, defeated Chris- 
tians at Tiherias\ put to death all the Tem,plars and Hospitallers; took 
all Christian towns except Tyre. Richard I of England, Frederick 
Rarbarossa of Germany, and Philip II oH France (Augustus) led a cru- 
sade. Saladin''s tithe levied on all Christendom. Germans went by land; 
rest by water. Frederick drowned in Cilicia. Acre captured in 1191, 
after siege of two years. Richard and Philip quarreled; Philip returned 
home and Richard was unable to advance on Jerusalem. Concluded a 
truce with Saladin by which safety was guaranteed to pilgrims, and a 
little of the coast was surrendered to Christians. Richard on his way 
home was captured in Austria and held for ransom. 

Fourth Crusade, 1202—1204. 

Proclaimed by Pope Innocent III. Troops mostly French; led by 
Baldwin, count of Flanders. Venice transported troops, and to pay for 



GENERAL HISTORY. 37 



aid, crusaders took Zara, in Dalmatia, for Venice. Took part in a civil 
war at Constantinople, by invitation. Took city {blind old Dandolo^ 
leader), and abandoned crusade. Set up Latin Empire of the East, 
wliich lasted GO years. 

Children's Crusade. 

In 1213, 90,000 children, mostly French and German, started for 
Palestine. Many perished by hardships, and many were treacherously 
sold as slaves. 

Fifth Crusade, 1227—1228. 

In two parts. First led by Andreio of Hungary against Egypt. 
JoJmi of Brienne took Da^nietta, but lost it again. Frederick II of 
Germany obtained Jerusalem by treaty, without bloodshed, and crowned 
himself king; being then under ban of the church. 

Sixth or English Crusade, 1240. 

Led by Richard Duke of Cornwall. Palestine surrendered to 
Christians on favorable terms. Soon invaded by ITorasmians, who took 
Jerusalem and murdered Christians and Mohammedans without distinc- 
tion. Opposed by troops of both religions united. Nearly all the Tem- 
plars and Hospitallers slain. Korasmians finally repulsed. 

Seventh Crusade, 1217 , 

Led against Egypt by Louis IX of France (St. Louis). Took 
Dauiietta without serious resistance, but was defeated at Massouralt; 
taken prisoner with all that was left of his army. Gave up Damietta as 
a part of his ransom; returned to France on parole to raise the balance. 

Ei(jhth Crusade, 1271. 

Caused by capture of Antioch by Mamelukes. Led by Louis IX 
and Edward Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward I. Louis died of 
plague, at Tunis. Edward took Nazareth, and made a truce. Returned 
home because of death of his father. 

Christians weakened by their own dissensions and jealousies. Acre 
taken from them in 1290, and Christians entirely excluded from Palestine. 

Results of the Crusades. 

I. A great breaking down of national prejudices. 

II. Importation and exchange of arts, and a great development of 
commerce. 



38 A TOPICAL OUTLIXE OF 

II r. A marked decline in feudalism. 

IV. A rapid dev^elopment of the institutions of chivalry. 

V. Increase of the power of the church. 

VI. Increase of relisfious toleration. 



GREAT ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD (Semi-religious). 

I. Rospitallem, or Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. Vowed 
poverty, chastity, obedience, protection of pilgrims and eternal war with 
infidels. After fall of Acre, 1"390, obtained Rhodes. Expelled in 1522; 
after a desperate defence, in which the order was almost destroyed. 
Received Malta from Charles V. Underwent a memorable siege in 15G5 
by Turks. Valetta named in honor of Grand Master at that time. Held 
Malta till time of Napoleon, ITDS. Sometimes known as Knights of 
Malta. 

II. Te'twplcirs or Hed Cross Knights. Very wealthy order, but 
tvrannical and selfish. After crusades made France their home. Sup- 
pressed by Philip the Fair^ on charge of heresy and sorcery. Grand 
Master Jacques de Molay burned at the stake. 

III. Teutonic Knights. Founded during third Crusade. 
After Crusades fought heatlien tribes east of Prussia along Baltic. Built 
Marienhurg. Fought Tartars under Batou -)-1250. Retained some 
power till Napoleon's conquest of Prussia. 



GREAT ORDERS OF MONKS. 

JBefiedictines ^ founded in Italy, in 6th century. 
CistercimiS; founded in lltii century, in France. 
Fvaficiscans ; founded in 13th century, in Italy. (Gray Friars.) 
JDoinifliCdVlS ; founded in 13th century, in Spain. (Black Friars.) 



THE VEHMGERICHT. 

A secret tribunal of great power and much dreaded; originated in 
13th century in Westphalia. Not legally abolished till 1811. (See 
Scott's Anne of Geiersteiii.) 

HANSEATIC LEAGUE. 

A famous league of commercial cities in northern Europe for rhutual 
protection against pirates and lawless nobles. Hansa means compact 
for mutual aid. Formed in XTII century; Hamburg and Ltcbeck leading 
cities. Numbered at one time 85 cities; maintained fleets and troops; 



GENERAL HISTORY. 39 



employed only unmarried men; enforced on them a very strict discipline; 
did much to establish and regulate commerce. Had a monopoly of tlie 
trade of the Baltic, and overland trade to Asia through Russia. Became 
overbearing and oppressive. Elizabeth seized their ships. Necessity of 
league disappeared as states became more powerful, and law was better 
observed. Broken up +1050. German " Free Cities " are a remnant of 
the league. 

THE EASTERN EMPIRE OF ROME. 

Reign o( Justinian, 527 — 5G5, brilliant and important. His general 
Belisarius conquered Vandals in Africa, and earned their king captive 
to Constantinople. Also destroyed kingdom of Eastern Goths; fought 
successfully against Persians. JSTarses, his successor, defeated remnant 
of Ostrogoths, and reduced Italy to sway of Eastern Empire. Govern- 
ment known as Exarchate of Ravenna. 

Justinian with aid of commission of lawyers made collection and 
revision of Roman law, in three great books, the IllStlttlles, Code 
and Pandects. These constitute the l)asis of the Cioil km which is 
the foundation of all law systems of continental Europe to-day. Is said 
to have introduced silk culture from China. 

Great controversy between Eastern and Western churches on ([ues- 
tion of image worship. {Iconoclast controversy.) Leo the Isaurian, 
+ 74:0, forbade worshi[) of images, but it was afterwards legalized again. 
Greeks held southern Italy till IX century. Eost most of Asia 
Minor before the Crusades. Byzantium captured by Venetians in fourth 
Crusade ; Latin empire of the East established. 

In early part of XIII century, Genghis Khan, the Tartar con- 
queror, overran much of the Empire, on both sides of the Black sea, and 
nearly to the Baltic. 

In latter part of XIII century Othman or Ottoman TurJ^s crossed 
into Europe; made Adrianople their capital. Janizaries organized, a 
body of professional soldiers, made up of child captives trained from 
infancy to arms, and not allowed to marry or to hold real estate. For 
many years the best troops of Europe — corresponding somewhat in 
ability and enthusiasm to orders of Christian Knighthood. 

Haja'^et, +14:00, had conquered Macedon and Greece, but was 
recalled by invasion of ThntW the Tartar. {Tamerlane.) Was 
defeated and captured at AnffOVa , 1403. Tartars moved eastward and 
established Mo(jid Empire of India, with capital at Delhi. 

Constantinople captared by Mohammed II, 1453. Con- 
stantine P(UcBologns, last emperor, slain. For several years before 
Turks had been active in valley of Danube, but were kept back by 
John Hnnniades and George Castriot of Albania, the Scandei'beg 
or Iskander of storv. 



40 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



The fall of (Jonstantinople dispersed the scholars of tiie East, who 
carried their books and arts westward, and gave much aid in the revival 
of learning. 

ENGLISH HISTORY. 

Early inhabitants of Britain Celts, akin to Gauls. Religion, Druid- 
ism. First known to Romans by invasion of .Julius Cajsar, 55 B. C. 
Conquered by Romans, 43—84; under /Suetonius and Agricola. Oarac- 
iacus or Caradoc, famous British leader. Formidable revolt in 61, 
headed by Boadicea, queen of the Iceni. Seventy thousand Romans or 
Romanized Celts massacred. Agricola conquered Caledonia or Scot- 
hind. Built a wall from Forth to Clyde. Hadrian built wall from Tyne 
to Solway — nearly 80 miles long. Christian religion generally diffused 
in IV century. Romans never occupied the whole of island. Witiidrew 
their troops +410, on invasion of Alario. Saxons and A)igles invited to 
protect Britons against Picts and Scots. Saxons from Zow Saxony, or 
Hanover — Angles from peninsula of Jutland. Angles more commercial 
— Saxons more warlike. Hence people outside the island knew more of 
the former and called the people Angles; but the Celts knew more of the 
fighting element, and called the whole Saxons. {Sassenach.) Saxons 
pagans. Hengist and Horsa probably myths — Horsa being a feminine 
word. Standard of the Saxons a white horse. (Present emblem of Han- 
over.) Early in the VI century Saxons defeated at Badon Mount by 
Arthur, king of the Silures. Eight petty kingdoms established — after- 
wards reduced to seven; Essex., Sussex, Kent, Wessex, E. Anglia, Mer- 
cia, Delra and Bernicia. Bernicia included Lowlands of Scotland. 
Deira and Bernicia became Northumberland. Saxons never occupied 
Wales, Cornwall, or northwest of England. Christianized +G00, by St. 
Augustine. 

Saxon kingdoms consolidated 827, under Egbert of Wessex. First 
wars with the Danes. Alfred, king 871 — 901. Noted for victories over 
Danes or Northmen. First to build a navy. Danes settled in great 
numbers in E. Anglia; known thereafter as the Danelagh. Alfred the 
founder of English law. Encouraged learning; himself translated several 
books into Saxon. Founded a school at Oxford, out of which grew the 
University. His daughter married a count of Flanders, and was ances- 
tress of William the Conqueror. 

Athelstan, grandson of Alfred, defeated revolted Danes and Scots in 
famous battle of Briinanburgh, 937. 

^^^Ae/rec? J/ (The Unready), 978 — lOlG, introduced the custom of 
paving a kind of tribute to the Danes. [Danegelt.) In 1002, great tnas- 
sacre of Danes by order of Aethelred. Srceyn, king of Denmark, 
resolved on the conquest of all England. His son Kmit chosen king by 
part of the English — the rest supporting Edmund Ironside. Kingdom 



GENERAL HISTORY. 41 

divided. After death of Edmund, Kuut sole king. Knut married Emma 
widow of ^thelred. 

Danisli line lasted till 1042, when Edward the Confessor was chosen 
king by the Witan. 

Rise of the Earl of Godwin. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, elected 
kino; at death of Edward, lOGG — orrandson of Edmund Ironside beino- a 
weak youth. Crown claimed by WlUlatn of Normandy by alleged 
bequest of the Confessor, by oath extorted from Harold to support his 
claim and by right of his wife Matilda. Harold Hardrada^ king of 
Norway, with Tostig, brother of Harold, invaded England. Were 
defeated at Stamford Bridge, and both were slain. While Harold was 
busy in the noi'th, William landed — fought Harold at Senlac or Hast- 
ings, killed Harold, and was soon acknowledged as king. 

Conquest not completed till 1071, when Hereioard the Wake was 
defeated in fens of Ely (in the Danelagh). England divided into shires. 
General survey of lands, with valuation recorded in '•'^ Domesday Hooky 
'"'• Moll of Sattle Ahhey^'' a list of the followers of the Conqueror that 
received grants of land. '•'■ Bayeux Tapestry,^'' important in liistoric 
value. Normans always inferior to Saxons in numbers — held them in 
check by greater intelligence and discipline, and by fortifying castles. 
Curfeio a precaution against fires as well as against nocturnal meetings. 
William appointed his own bishops, and refused to do homage to Rome 
for his lands. The pope had jurisdiction in England only with approval 
of king. Matilda.! daughter of Henry I, married for second husband 
Geoffrey Plantagenet., count of Anjou. Crown usurped by Stephen., 
grandson of the Conqueror by his daughter Adele. 

Scots supported claim of Matilda and Henry; invaded England 
under David H; were defeated at battle of the Standard, 113S. Stephen 
filially captured and imj)risoned; but reign of Matilda proved unsatis- 
factory, and she was driven out of kingdom. Treaty made by which 
Stephen was to reign till death, and succession go to Henry. 

HetlVy Ilf founder of the Plantagenet line. Had large posses- 
sions in France; much larger than France proper. Memorable quarrel 
with church in regard to jurisdiction of royal courts over clergy. " Con- 
stitutions of Clarendon.,'''' 11G4; decrees of general council that clergy 
were to be subject to royal authority. Thomas a Becket, archbishop of 
Canterbury, opposed king and refused to submit. Fled to France. 
Recalled by treaty, but soon quarreled with king. Assassinated at king's 
suggestion. King compelled to humble himself before pope and do 
penance at Becket's tomb. Ireland largely conquered 1172, by English 
under Stronybow; viceroy appointed. Conquest approved by pope, who 
was jealous of independence of Irish clergy. 

Bichard I {Goeur de Lion)., went on 3d Crusade. Massacre of 
Jews just before his departure. Took Ascalon and Acre; was distin- 
guished for personal courage and strength. Made truce with Saladin. 



42 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Captured ou way home; held prisoner in Austria for ransom. John, wlio 
governed in his absence, intrigued with Philip of France, to seize 
Richard's dominions. Richard unexpectedly escaped, and defeated their 
designs. John pardoned. Richard made war on Philip; was killed 
while besieging a castle in Normandy. Was in England only ten 
months, and could not speak English. Accomplished nothing for his 
country. 

John LdclxlcLild succeeded, to exclusion of Arthur, son of 
Geoffrey. Philip at first supported Arthur, but was induced to abandon 
him. Arthur taken by John and murdered. John summoned to France 
to be tried by French peers. Refused to appear; French possessions 
declared to be forfeit. John, with German allies, defeated at Soil- 
vllies^ 1214; English driven out of France. Loss of Normandy a bless- 
ing to English, as thenceforth the interests of the two peoples were more 
in common. Kings gave thouglit and energy to development of England 
instead of striving for foreign power. 

3Ingna Charta, the great charter of English liberty, extorted 
fr(jm John by his barons. Signed at Hufint/liiedef June 15th, 1215. 
Applied only to freemen. Secured personal freedom. " No freeman 
shall be taken, imprisoned or damaged in person or estate, but by the 
judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land." 

John soon broke his oath; supported by the ])ope. Barons made 
war on him; offered crown to Louis of France, who came over with 
troops. John died during war; SetlVf/ III proclaimed; Louis driven 
away. Henry largely under foreign influence. Violated Great Charter. 
Barons revolted; led by Simon de Montfort. Henry and his son taken 
at battle of Leioes. Parliament summotied by De Montfort to meet at 
Lewes, to which representatives of the boroughs were invited — the 
beginning of the ^^ CoiUinOils' Parliament. ^^ Prince Edward 
escaped from prison; raised army; defeated De Montfort at lilnesham, 
1265; replaced Henry on throne. Edward went on Eighth Crusade; 
Henry died during his absence. Fusion of Normans and Saxons much 
advanced during this reign. 

EdwaVil If 1272—1307, conquered Wales, 1282; putting to death 
its last king, David. ("JiV/6^«cre of the Bards'''' not true.) Gave title of 
"Prince of Wales" to his eWest son, born at Caernarvon. Persecuted 
and banished Jews. War with Scotland. Throne of Scotland claimed 
by Bruce and Baliol. EdWard, as over-lord, called in to decide. 
Rightfully decided in favor< of Baliol. Attempted to make him do 
homage for his whole realm. Baliol took advantage of war between 
England and France to rebel; was defeated and taken prisoner; died in 
exile. English rule very tyrannical. WillUmi Wallace ^ Scotch 
patriot, defeated English at Stirling, '\29i'^',hnt was defeated next year 
at Falkirk. Betrayed into hands of English and executed as a traitor. 
Mobert H^VUCe, grandson of claimant to throne, proclaimed king 



GENERAL HISTORY. 43 

by Scots. Driven in exile to Ireland. Edwartl was warlike and politic; 
sometimes called the " English Justinian." First to give formal assent 
to proposition, " The king can lawfully raise no money except with con- 
sent of Parliament." Increased trade and commerce. Imported manu- 
factures. Invention of gunpowder attributed to Roger Bacon of this 
period. (?) 

Edwavd II under influence of foreign favorites. Gaveston 
twice banished; illegally executed by barons. Bruce returned to Scot- 
land and besieged Stirling. Edward signally defeated at BatlflOCk- 
buVflf 1314, and Scotland became independent. Edward became hope- 
lessly subject to his favorites; deposed by his barons and queen. 
Imprisoned in Merlden Castle; murdered in 1337. 

Edwcit'd III imprisoned his mother for life. Retook Scotland; 
gave crown to son of Baliol. Claimed crown of France in right of his 
mother; contrary to Salic Laio. Parliament divided into two houses, 
1341. David Bruce regained Scotland, 1343. Great naval battle at 
HelvoetsliDjs., 1340; French defeated. "Hundred Years' War" com- 
menced by England. Invasion of France, 134G. English won battle of 
Cvecy f defeated French with Bohemian, German and Genoese allies. 
Prince of Wales [Black Prince) assumed motto of king of Bohemia, 
" Ich Dien.''''. Calais taken and peopled from England. Scots invaded 
England; were defeated at ISfeviTs Cross', king David captured; died in 
prison. Terrible plague in 1349. Aquitaine taken from France. 
French defeated at PoictieVS, 1350, by Black Prince; King John 
taken prisoner — died in London. Black Prince set up hbKjdoin of 
Aquitaine; capital Bordeaux,. Aided Pedro tlie Cruel to regain his 
throne. Died in 1376. Edward III styled the Father of English com- 
merce. John Wycllffe, John Mandevllle and G-eoffrey (Viaucer belong- 
to this period. 

RicJldvd, II, son of Black Prince, succeeded. War with France 
led to levy of a personal tax. JVat Tf/let' killed a tax-collector; 
headed an insurrection. London plundered by insurgents. Tyler 
stabbed by JValworth, mayor of London. (Hence the dagger in arms of 
London.) Richard very unpopular and weak. Banished his cousin, 
Henry of Lancaster. While Richard was in Ireland to quell a rebellion 
Henry returned; raised an army against Richard, who was formally 
deposed by Parliament; Henry placed on throne. Richard died in 
prison soon after; probably murdered. 

Rio-htful heir to throne, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, 
descended from Lionel Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III, 
while Henry was son of John of Gaunt, the fourth son. Lollards or 
W^ycliffites persecuted and first martyrdom of reformers. Conspiracy of 
Earl of Northumberland and his son Harry Hotspur; aided by Doug- 
lases of Scotland, and Welsh under Owen Glendoioer. Insurgents 
defeated at Shrewsbury; Hotspur killed. 



44 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Heuvy V wild and disorderly in youth; reformed on accession to 
throne; renewed war with France; taking advantage of insanity of 
Charles VI, and quarrels for regency between rival houses of Orleans 
and Burgundy. Defeated French with heavy loss at AglliKiOilTt, 
1415. By treaty of Troyes., married Catherine, daughter of Charles. 
Died 1422, leaving infant son, who was proclaimed king of France at 
Paris, and admitted to be rightful heir by many French, His uncle, 
Duke of Bedford, made regent. Part of French repudiated treaty of 
Troyes, and proclaimed Charles VII. House of Burgundy aided 
England. Siege of Orleans, 1429, raised by Jfoatl of At'C, a peasant 
girl of Lorraine, who believed herself inspired to deliver France. Gen- 
erally believed by her countrymen. England driven back; Charles 
legally crowned at H/ieims. Maid of Orleans captured by Burgundians 
and sold to English, who cruelly wronged her by unjust trial, and burned 
her as a sorcerer at Houen, 1431. England soon lost all France except 
Calais. 

Jaclc Cade's Rebellion in 1450, caused by general mismanagement 
of government. Quarrels between nobles led to '* IVciVS of the 
Roses/' designed to remove House of Lancaster from throne and set 
up House of York. Yorkish emblem, the white rose^ Lancastrian, the 
red. War lasted thirty years. Twelve ])itched battles. ItichciVfl 
^e *?*'/, Earl of Warwick, styled the '"'• King- Maker P Henry defeated 
and taken prisoner at Northampton.^ 1460; Duke of York acknowledged 
by Parliament. Next year Duke of York taken by Queen. Margaret, at 
WaJcefield Green., and executed. Henry recaptured by his own party, 
but Yorkists held London; proclaimed Edward IV king. Battle of 
ToiVton f 14G1, bloodiest battle ever fought in England. W^arwick 
killed his horse before battle in presence of army. Fifty thousand men 
said to have perished. Lancastrians defeated. Henry escaped to Scot- 
land. Was afterwards taken by Edward and imprisoned in Tower^ 
Edward made an unpopular marriage with a subject; alienated many of 
the nobles, particularly Warwick, who made alliance with Margaret; 
drove Edward from kingdom; released Henry. Edward fled to conti- 
nent. Carelessly allowed to return and gather forces; defeated Warwick 
at Barnet, 1471. Clarence, Edward's brother, son-in-law of Warwick, 
deserted the latter in battle. 

Warwick slain. (Read Lytton's '•'•Last of the liarons.'''') Henry 
fell into Edward's hands; was probably murdered in Tower. Margaret 
landed in England on day of battle of Barnet. Fought Edward at 
Tev)keshury. Defeated and taken prisoner with her son. Prince killed 
in cold blood by Duke of Clarence. Margaret kept in prison for a while, 
finally released. Duke of Clarence put to death on charge of treason. 

Printing introduced into England in this reign by William Caxton, 
who learned his art at Cologne. First book an allegory : " The Game 



GENERAL HISTORY. 45 



(Did Play e of the Chesses (1474.) Feudal system in Eug-land ended 
with War of the Roses. 

Edward V, aged 12, proclaimed king. His uncle Richard, Duke of 
Gloster, contrived to have himself proclaimed king; prince with his 
younger brother murdered in Tower, Richard ruled despotically; con- 
spiracy soon formed to bring in Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, of 
House of Lancaster. Duke of Bucking] mm , who headed the movement, 
detected and executed. Richard said to have poisoned his first wife, 
daughter of Warwick, to enable him to marry his niece Elizabeth^ now 
rightful heir of kingdom. Henry of Lancaster [Bolinghroke)., landed at 
Milford Haven; defeated Richard at HoswoHh Field, 1485. Rich- 
ard killed; Henry crowned on field. Richard probably not so black as 
painted. All the histories of him extant are by Tudor partisans. 



HOUSE OF TUDOR. 

Title of Henry VH very questionable. Lambert Simnel raised up 
to oppose his claim. Pretended to be son of Duke of Clarence. Aided 
by foreign support; soon defeated; pardoned in contempt, and made a 
scullion. Five years later, Perkin Warbeck, a Fleming, claimed to be 
younger son of Edward IV. Thought by many to be what he claimed. 
Favored by Scotch, and married to a noble Scotch lady. Finally gave 
himself up to king; imprisoned in Tower; intrigued with Earl of War- 
wick; both executed. Henry married Elizabeth of York; thus endino-, 
when Henry VIII came to throne, all disputes as to rival claims. Was 
very avaricious; employed Empson and Dudley to aid him in getting 
money unlawfully. Encouraged navigation. Commissioned the Cabots 
to make discoveries. Built the " Great Harry "/ the beginning of the 
Englisli navy. 

Henry Vlllf under protest, married Catherine of Arayon, 
widow of his brother Arthur, by special dispensation. Put Empson and 
Dudley to death. Joined a league against France; won '''•Battle of the 
Spursy War accomplished nothing. Scotch invaded England in 
interest of France; and because of injuries done to their commerce. 
Were defeated at Floddeil Field, 1513. Their king, Lames IV, 
who had married sister of Henry, was killed. ThotUdS IVolsei/ 
became king's prime minister; made archbishop and cardinal. Henry 
sought to obtain throne of Germany; opposed by Erancis I of France 
and Charles I of Spain. Charles became Emperor. Francis and Henry 
made alliance. Famous meeting at Calais. [Field of Cloth of Gold.) 
Alliance broken by Charles gaining favor of Wolsey. 

Henry wrote a book against Luther; Pope Leo X gave him title 
'•''Defender of the Faith''''; still retained by English sovereign. 

Henry became enamored of Anne Boleyn; applied to pope for 



46 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

divorce on ground of unlawful affinity and illegality of dispensation. 
Pope unwilling to decide, Wolsey lost favor by seeming to oppose 
divorce; lost all his honors; estates seized by king. Died in disgrace. 
Thomas Jfore made chancellor in his place. Crantner, made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, annulled the marriage; pronounced king's secret 
marriage with Anne Boleyn legal. Pope threatened Henry with excom- 
munication. Parliament confirmed marriage; declared king supreme 
head of church of England. All clergy and state officials compelled to 
take oath of supremacy to king as head of church, and Anne as rightful 
queen. More and Fisher put to death for refusing to take this oath. 
Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted for disagreeing with king. 
Anne divorced and beheaded on charge of unchastity; her daughter 
Elizabeth declared illegitimate. King married Jane Seymour, who died 
next year, leaving an infant son, afterwards Edward FY. Insurrection 
in favor of Catholicism, called '■'■ Pilgrim,age of Grace.^' Led to destruc- 
tion of all monasteries, and pillage of many shrines. King married 
Anne of OJeves' sent her back without ever living with her as wife. 
Next married Catherine Soioard, wliom he divorced and beheaded on 
ground of unfaithfulness. Sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who survived 
him. War with Scotland, 1542. James V defeated at Solway Moss^ 
died of grief; leaving crown to his infant daughter Mary. Alliance 
formed, by which Edward was to marry Mary, and thus secure union of 
two crowns. Broken by Scots of Catholic party. Battle of Pinkie, 
154G, the last between the two kingdoms. Mary sent to France by 
Catholic party; married to Dauphin, afterwards Fi'diicis IT. Henry 
died 1547. A patron of learning; thoroughly despotic; generally hated 
in latter part of reign. Left crown by will to Edward; made Mary next 
in succession; Elizabeth third and Queen of Scots next. Edward, under 
guidance of Duke of /Somerset, his mother's brother, favored Reforma- 
tion. Book of Coymnon Prayer compiled by Cranmer. Popular risings 
caused by distress. Somerset deposed and executed; Duke of North- 
umberland became manager. Married his son Lord Guilford Dudley to 
i«f?y e/awe 6^rey, grand-daughter of Henry VII; persuaded Edward to 
set aside rights of Mary and Elizabeth on ground of illegitimacy. Ed- 
ward died at age of IG. Jane Grey proclaimed queen without her 
approval. People supported Mary. Northumberland executed; Lady 
Jane and her husband imprisoned. Mary made great exertions to restore 
Catholic religion; aided by Bishops Gardiner and Bonner. Arranged 
marriage with Philip II of Spain. Rebellion headed by W^yatt; 
speedily svippressed. Jane Grey and her husband executed on charge of 
sharing in the plot. Elizabeth imprisoned, but soon released. Parlia- 
ment favored return to Romish faith. Protestants persecuted; Rogers, 
Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer, with many others burned at stake. Two 
hundred and forty-seven in all burned in her reign. 

Aided Philip in war against France. English troops aided Spaniards 



GENERAL HISTORY. 47 



to win battle of St, Qfieutlfl^ 1557. Calais taken by French; a sore 
loss to Mary and to England. Mary died 1558. 

Ellx^Clheth succeeded without opposition. Began moderately. 
Made N'icholas Bacon and William Cecil her chief advisers. Re- 
enacted all laws enforcing the Protestant religion. Act of Supremacij 
required all officials to acknowledge queen as head of church. Act of 
Uniformity forbade all public worship except that of established church; 
aimed both at Catholics and rising sect of Puritans. Many explorations 
and attempts at settlement made in New World. Drake first English- 
man to circumnavigate glol)e. Raleigh and Frohisher noted advent- 
urers. JBristol prominent in navigation. Aided Dutch in their war of 
independence. Offered crown of Netherlands, but declined. Sent but 
little aid through parsimony. Philip sent A.Vin(l{l(i to conquer 
England. Fleet was to be joined on coast by Prince of Parma with 
army from Holland. Armada defeated in Englisii Channel by Ho'ward 
and Drake. Many seamen served as volunteers, without pay. Armada 
compelled to sail northward around Scotland. Most of it lost in a storm; 
only one-third returned to Spain. 

Mary Queeji of Scots executed at Fotheringay Castle, 1587, after 
long confinement, on charge of conspiring against life of Elizabeth. Slie 
had claimed throne of England; declaring Elizabeth to be illegitimate. 
Fast India (Jomjyany chartered 1600. Earl of Essex executed for 
attempted rebellion. 

Reign of Elizabeth remarkable for progress in commerce and mili- 
tary importance; also for literary men. Hluihespeave^ Bacoilf 

Raleiffhf Spenser , Sidnet/ and Ben Jonson belonged to this 
period. 

Jiinies I of England and VI of Scotland was son of Mary Queen 
of Scots by Lord Darnley {Henry Stuart). Stuart family all firm 
believers in " Divine RigJit of Fings,'''' and were noted for untruthful- 
ness. Plot to depose him and set Arabella Stuart on throne. Raleigh 
imprisoned on charge of complicity; cliarge not proven. GtinpOWfleV 
Plot in 1605; to blow up House of Parliament during royal session. 
Gay Fawkes and others executed. Virginia colonized 1607; first per- 
manent settlement. 

Author li^ed Version of Bible ^ known as King James' Ver- 
sion, 1611; made by commission of learned divines. New England set- 
tled by Pilgrims in 1620. 

Lord Bacon impeached for taking bribes. Proposed marriage of 
Prince of Wales to Infanta of Spain broken off by Buckingham, and 
Charles married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV oi France. 

Charles I quarreled with his parliament on question of supplies. 
Levied tonnage^ poundage and ship-money illegally. Buckingham 
assassinated; expedition to relieve French Protestants at Rochelle a fail- 
ure. Parliament of 1629 passed "Petition of Right"; the second great 



48 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

charter of English liberty. Third Parliament dissolved in 1G30; no other 
called for nearly eleven years. Money for court raised by illegal means. 
" Court of Star Chamber'''' an illegal tribunal; very oppressive. Memor- 
a])le trial of John Hampden for refusing to pay ship-money. Tliomas 
IVentioorth, Earl of Straiford, king's chief adviser; active in urging arbi- 
trary measures. Laud^ Archbishop of Canterbury, active in forcing 
liturgy on all non-conformists. Great emigration to New England. 
Attempt to force Liturgy on Presbyterian Scotland led to formation of 
'•'•League and Covenant,'''' and afterwards to war. Scots invaded En- 
gland; Charles compelled to call Parliament. " Short Parliament " met 
in 1640; dissolved in three weeks. '•'•Long ParUatnent''' called in 1640; 
Strafford and Laud impeached; illegally convicted by '•'•Pill of Attain - 
dery Charles coward enough to sign Strafford's death warrant. Par- 
liament refused to be dissolved except by its own consent. x\bolished 
Court of Star Chamber. Lrish Pebellion and massacre of many English, 
King charged with favoring rebellion to secure troops and money from 
Parliament. King attempted to seize five members of House, contrary 
to all law. Great excitement. Kiiig fled from London, and called his 
adherents to arms. First battle at Edgehill — indecisive. Parliamentary 
forces commanded by Earl of Essex ^ royalists by Earl of L'lndesey^ 
aided by Rupert, nephew of Charles. Scotch took side of Parliament; 
king received aid from Ireland. Rupert defeated at 3£avston ]}£oOi% 
1644, by FairfaJTy and Cf'OlUWell ; resulting in Ru]:>ert's withdrawal 
from kingdom. Dissensions between Presbyterians and Lndependents. 
Cromwell and army officers procured '•'•Self-denying Ordinance^'' exclud- 
ing from Parliament all that held office in army. Essex resigned. Fair- 
fax made general, with Cromwell as lieutenant; the latter the real com- 
mander. Decisive battle at Wciseb f/ ^ 1645. King totally defeated; fled 
to Scotland. Made false promises; was given up to Parliament. Army 
became suspicious of Parliament, and took possession of king. King 
brought to trial before a court of army officers presided over by Prad- 
shatv. Condemned and executed, 1649. House of Lords abolished. 
Executive power entrusted to a " Council of State." Scots resented 
death of Charles; jwoclaimed Charles II, who landed in Scotland; sup-, 
ported by many Enoflish royalists. Signally defeated at Tfmibcn% 
1650. Next year Charles invaded England; was defeated at Worcester; 
escaped with great difficulty. Ireland subdued by Cromwell in 1650. 
Massacre of garrison at 7)ro^/i<3f?a. War with Holland, growing out of 
commercial difficulties, and aid given by Dutch to Charles. Van 
Tromp and Pe Puyter won several victories at sea; finally defeated by 
Plake and Monk, both soldiers. Parliament forcibly dissolved by Crom- 
well. New Parliament ordered; known -as, '■^ Parebones' .'''' Dissolved 
this, and made h'nn^oM '•'• Lord Protector.'''' Governed almost despotic- 
allv, but generally justly. Made his country feared and respected. 
Made favorable peace with Holland. Took Jamaica from Spain. Inter- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 49 

fered successfully in behalf of persecuted Waldenses. Took Dunkirk. 
Died Sept. 3d, 1658; his birthday and anniversary of Worcester and 
Dunbar. Succeeded by his son Richdrd, who was too weak to rule, and 
voluntaril}^ resigned. Army ruled for a while, by means of a council of 
officers. Monk called together the remnant of Long Parliament; gen- 
erally known as the " JRimip.'''' Monk dissolved this, and called another, 
which restored the king. (1660.) 

Charles JI, 1660 — 85, called the " Merry Monarch," was loose and 
grossly immoral in his own life and in his court. Church of England 
restored. Pardon granted to all concerned in late rebellion, except the 
regicide judges. Act of Umformity required all clergymen to abjure 
Covenant, and give assent to Book of Common Prayer. More than two 
thousand expelled from their livings for refusing to comply. Dunkirk 
sold to French to procure money for king. Dutch renewed war. .Tames, 
Duke of York, afterwards James II, took Neto York; with aid of Rupert 
defeated Dutch in naval battle. French and Danes aided Dutch. Great 
Plague of London, 1665, and Great Fire next year. Neglect of fleet 
enabled Dutch in 1667 to burn ships at Chatham in hearing of London. 
Popular Indignation led to banishment of Earl of Clarendon. C<ihal 
ministry. Triple Alliance with Holland and Sweden to keep Louis XIV 
from seizing Spanish Netherlands. Charles made secret and disgraceful 
alliance with Louis, and received a pension from him. Even aided 
France in invading Holland, but compelled to withdraw by popular 
indignation. Test Act passed, requiring all officials to abjure Romanism; 
aimed at James, who resigned his position in the navy, and soon after 
married a Catholic wife. Popish Plot., 1678, a fabrication, but produced 
wild excitement. Titus Oates, by infamous perjury, aided by popular 
frenzy, secured execution of Stafford and several others. Sflbecis 
CovpUS Actf 1679, most important. Rye-House Plot., to dethrone 
Charles and put Duke of Monmouth on the throne. Execution of Rus- 
sell and Sidney. Monmouth pardoned. Charles died in secret com- 
munion of Catholic, church. Noted for his utter want of moral principle. 
His bad conduct prepared the way for reaction in favor of more liberal 
o^overnment. 

James IT made restora,tion of Catholic church his grand object; 
though Catliolics were not more than one-hundredth part of people. 
Violated all constitutional rights of subjects. Claimed that king on his 
own authority could set aside all acts of Parliament, Rebellion in west 
of England, headed by Duke of Monmouth., who was defeated at Sedye- 
moor., captured and belieaded. His followers barbarously punished by 
Judge Jeffreys and Col. Kirk. James issued a proclamation annulling 
Test Act, and required all clergy to read it in their churches. Seven 
bishops refused and were sent to the Tower. Tried for sedition and 
acquitted. Birth of a son to James followed by a violent outbreak. 
William of Orange, grandson of Charles I, married to Mary, daughter of 
4 



50 .1 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

James, invited to assume tlie crown by a self-constituted body ol" nobles 
and clergy. Landed at Torhay with army. James abandoned by his 
friends; fled the country; took refug-e in France; protected and aided by 
Louis XIV. Convention Parliament settled crown on William and 
Mary and their children; Anne, younger daughter of James, being next 
in succession; Protestant heirs of Electress Elizabeth next. Declciva- 
tioil of RiyJlts; very important in fixing royal prerogatives. Tol- 
€tUltioil A.ct, removed disabilities of dissenters. Scotch party, under 
Graham of ClaverJtoase {^Bo)tny Dundee), supported claim of James. 
Dundee won battle of Killiecrankie, l)ut was killed in battle. Scotland 
submitted; Episcopacy was abolished, and Presbyterianism made estab- 
lished religion of Scotland. Massacre of Glencoe; greatest stain on 
administration of William. 

James invaded L'eland, IGSU, witli aid of France. Generally wel- 
comed except in the Protestant north. Desperate defence of Derry. Li 
1000, William defeated James at battle of the Soyne^ James went 
back to France. French defeated English fleet near Beachy Head, l)ut 
were thoroughly defeated in turn at Cape La Hogue. First siege of 
Limerick by English unsuccessful. French and Irish defeated at 
A-UghviiH; Limerick taken. Seven thousand L'isli left their country 
on French ships. War ti-ansferred to Holland. Known in American 
history as "• Kiny Willlani's War."" Ended in 1097, with Peace of 
liysuHck. Mary died 10!)4. Standlny army and national debt of En- 
gland began in this reign. Partisans of James known as Jacobites. 
Party names of Whigs and Tories came into general use. William 
never personally popular. Died of a fall, 1702. Had just allied England 
to Germany and Holland to prevent the Spanish crown from passing to 
gi-andson of Louis XIV. War ensued known as '* IVffV of tJie 
Spcmlslt Success i on*"; known in American history as '■'■Queen 
An7i's War:' 

Ann was married to Prince George of Denmark; was not energetic; 
was ruled by favorites. John CJmrchill, Duke of Marlborough, com- 
manded English armies. In 1704, won battle f)f SlenJiehll, for which 
nation built him a palace near Oxford. Gibraltar ca])tui'ed by English 
the same year. English won battles of Pamillies in 1700, Oudenarde in 
1708; Malplaquet in 1709. Lost battle of Almanza in 1707. After 
Malplaquet, took little part in war. Marlborough disgraced. War 
ended by Peace of TJtrecIlt in 1713. Ljey islative iinion. of England 
and Scotland, 1707. Name of Great Britain given to united kingdom. 

GeoVffe JT, Elector of Hanover, succeeded, 1714 Great opposi- 
tion. James the Pretender, son of James II, invaded Scotland. Met 
with no success. Was compelled by treaty to leave France; died at 
Rome. '•'South Sea Bubble,''"' 1720; a great, ill-managed speculation, 
Avhose failure produced great financial distress. Robert Walpole made 
prime minister by George II; really governed kingdom for many years. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 51 



Made great use of bribery. Georgia colonized by OgUtliorpe, 1733. 
Whi' with Spain caused by commercial troubles, 1739-41. 

In '■'• War of the Austrian Snccessio it'''' England supported claim of 
Maria Theresa against France and Prussia. George in person defeated 
French at battle of Dettingen, 1743. English and Dutch defeated at 
Eo)itenoy, 1745, by Marshal Saxe. Charge of Irish Brigade in French 
service turned the day. 

War known in American liistory as "-King George's War:'' Its 
most important event was the capture of Jjouishurg by colonial troops, 
aided by English navy. 

In 1745, Charles Ediuard, the Young Pretender, landed in High- 
lands of Scotland, with only seven followers. .Joined by most of the 
Highlanders; proclaimed his father king; defeated English at Preston 
Pans; marched into England, but received no sujoport, and retreated. 
Routed at CuUoden, 174G, and escaped in disguise with great difficulty. 
(Read Waverly.) Followers treated with great l:)arbarity. . 

War ended with ^Peace of Air-Ja-Chapelle, 1748. Louis- 
burg restored to France. 

Trouble with France in regard to claims in Ohio vallev led to a war 
without formal declaration in 1754. Braddock defeated near Fort Du 
Quesne in 1755. French (Acadians) expelled from Nova Scotia; Louis- 
burg taken again. Abercromble signally defeated at Ticonderoga. Wolfe 
defeated Montcalm at Quebec in 1759, and Canada became subject to 
England. On continent, England aided Frederick of Prussia ao-ainst 
Austria and France, under direction of William Pitt, the " Great Com- 
moner^'' afterwards Earl of Chatham. Aided at first with money; after- 
wards with troops. French took Hanover, but soon lost it. English 
won battle of Minden over French in 1759. Conquest of India made in 
this reign; decisive battle oi Plassy won by Lord Clive. 

George /i" J, grandson of George II, succeeded, 17G0. '■'■Family 
Compact'''' between France and Spain involved England in war with 
Spain. England took Havana and Philippine Islands. War ended in 
17^3, by JPcdce of JParls. France ceded to England all her Ameri- 
can possessions. Havana given to Spain in exchange for Florida. War 
called in Europe, '■'•Seven Years'' War''\; in American history, the 
" French and Indian War," or the " Old French War:' 

Stamp Act for taxing America introduced by GrenmUe, 1764. Vio- 
lently opposed, and repealed next year. Other taxes substituted, but 
none continued long, except tax on tea. Resistance to this led to "-Bos- 
ton Port Bill'" and other o|)pressive acts; at last to American 
Revolution. Many prominent Englishmen favored cause of colonies; 
Ministry forced war. First skirmish at Lexington; British driven back 
to Boston with loss. Americans dislodged from Bunker Hill, but 
British loss was by far the greater. Hessians hired by England; a very 
unpopular measure. American Declaration of Independence, 1776. 



52 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

New York and Philadelpliia captured by English. Margoyne compelled 
to surrender at SafatOfffl, 1777; the turning point of war. France 
aided American colonies. Latter part of war mostly in South. Virtually 
ended in 1781, by surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktoion. French aided 
with navy. Independence acknowledged by Pence of VevsClilleSf 
1783. 

'■'■Armed neutrality,'''' coalition of all maritime powers of Europe 
against England in 1780. France and Spain made desperate attempts to 
regain Gibraltar in 1782. ** JV"o Popery RiotS ^' in London, 1780. 
(Read Harnaby Mudge.) Caused by jjartial removal of Catholic dis- 
abilities. 

Warren Hastings impeached for mal-administration of India, 1787. 
Trial not complete for seven years; resulted in acquittal. French devo- 
lution in 1789. England joined coalition to restore monarchy in 1793. 
French generally successful on land — English at sea. After Napoleon's 
invasion of Egypt, English fleet- under Lord Nelson won battle of the 
Nile. Aided Turks at Acre against French. Irish Rebellion in 1798. 
Suppressed after much bloodshed, and Ireland united to England in 
1801. Denmark joined a league of northern powers, and Nelson 
destroyed Danish fleet at Copenhagen. [Battle of the Daltic.) Peace 
oi A.17lieilS, between France and England in 1802; lasted only 18 
months. England refused to evacuate Malta and Cape of Good Hope. 
Insurrection in Ireland in 1803; Robert Emmet executed. War with 
France resumed in 1804. Coalition of England, Russia, Austria and 
Sweden against Napoleon. Nelson defeated combined French and 
Spanish fleets at Trafalgar in 1805; was killed in battle. Copen- 
hagen bombarded to prevent Danish fleet from falling into hands of 
French. 

Aid to Portugal involved England in Penbisular War, 1808 — 13. 
Command given to Arthur IVellesley who had made his reputation in 
India. Won battle of Vimeira, but English government made a weak com- 
pact with French. [Convention of Cintra.) English driven out of northern 
SjDain, at Corunna; Sir John Moore killed. French defeated at Talavera; 
Wellesley made Viscount Wellington. French called away by war with 
Austria. Wellington won battle of Rusaco, 1810; then fell back to 
'■''Lines of Torres Vedras^'' near Lisbon, and remained on defensive. In 
1812 won battle of Salamanca. Next year took Radajos by assault; 
defeated Soult at Vittoria^ drove French back to France; took ^:>an 
Sebastian and Pampeluna^ won battle of Toidouse after fall of Napo- 
leon. 

George III became hopelessly insane in 1810; his son made Regent. 

War with United States, 1812, caused by impressment of American 
seamen, and search of ships by English men-of-war. Americans gen- 
erally unsuccessful on land, ])ut victorious at sea. British troops captured 
Washiiigton, 1814. Were defeated with great loss at Nevj Orleans, 



GENERAL HISTORY. 53 

1815, after declaration of peace was signed. Treaty of Ghent set- 
tled none of points involved, but England soon i-elinquished practice of 
search and seizure. 

After Napoleon's return from Elba, Wellington commanded force 
against him; won battle of JVatevloOf in Belgium, June 18th, 1815. 
Napoleon compelled to abdicate; took refuge with English; sent to St. 
Helena by agreement of allied sovereigns, in custody of England. 

War followed by great financial distress in England. Demands for 
reform and repeal of Corn Laws led to riots. Many people killed at 
Manchester at a reform meeting; known as Peterloo. 

Rise of Methodism about the middle of 18th century, under the 
Weslei/s and JV/iiie/ield. Sunday schools established by Robert Raikes, 
1781. /Ste(0/i engine invented hy JVatt, 1700. Cotton spinning by ma- 
chinery introduced by Hargreaves and Arkxcright. Davy invented 
safety lamp. LTerschel made great discoveries in astronomy. Lenner 
introduced vaccination. Slave trade suppressed by law, 1807. 

George JV attempted to divorce his wife Caroline of Brunswick. 
Memorable trial. Popular sympathy wholly with the queen; trial aban- 
doned, but the queen was deprived of her regal position; died soon after. 

England aided Greeks in revolt against Turkey. With aid of 
French and Russians destroyed Turkish fleet in Bay of Navarino, 1827. 
Greece became a kingdom, with George of Bavaria as king. 

Great struggle for Ccitholic eniancijiation ; led by Canning; 
aided by Catliolic Association^ headed by Daniel CConnell. Emanci- 
pation Act, 1829. 

Reform agitation, caused by most unequal representation in Parlia- 
ment. Bill brought forward to disfranchise very small boroughs, and 
give their members to unrepresented towns. (Case of Old Sarnm.) Bill 
passed the Commons; rejected by Lords. Duke of Wellington, then 
prime minister, very unpopular for his opposition to bill. Violent excite- 
ment in whole country. Bill brought forward again, and passed the 
Commons. Wellington advised the passage of the bill as a measure of 
public safety. King William LV consented to create enough new 
peers friendly to passage to secure majority. Finally passed by with- 
drawal of opposition peers. Most important popular victory. 

Slavery abolished, in all British colonies in 1834, by efforts of Wil- 
liam Wilberforce. 

Hanover ceased to be a jiart of kingdom on accession of Victoria, as 
the Salic law was in force there. 

Canadian rebellion in 1838. 

Chartists, from 1838-48, demanded universal suffrage, vote by ballot, 
no property qualifications for membership hi Parliamod, equal electoral 
districts and annual parliaments. Urged repeal of Corn Laws, which 
were repealed in 184(3, after long contest. Protective duties generally 



54 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

repealed. Wars in Afghanistan in '42, and with Sikhs in India, '46. 
Opium war with China, '42. 

Attempt to break up union of Ireland witii England led to trial of 
O'Connell for conspiracy and sedition. " Young TrehDuV i)arty made 
insurrection in '48. Meagher, Alitchell and others transported. Chart- 
ist demonsti'ation in 1848; considered very dangerous, l)ut passed off 
without serious harm. Great Exposition in 1851. Crimean War^ 
'54-6; caused by Russian attempts to seize Turkish territory. Opera- 
tions principally directed against Sebastopol in the Crimea/ hence knovvn 
as the ** Cviniean IVffi'/'' French and Sardinians co-operated with 
England and Turkey. Russians defeated in battle of the A/ma, north of 
Sebastopol, in Sept. '54. Siege of city opened in October. Russians 
attacked the Allies at Balaklava. {Charge of the Light Brigade.^ 
Attacked again at Inkermann in November; repulsed with great loss. 
Besiegers suffered terribly from exposure and neglect of sanitary care. 
Florence Nightingale, with aid of volunteer nurses, rendered most valu- 
able aid. First assault unsuccessful, but in Se])tember, '55, the French 
took the Malakoff Tomer by assault. English driven out of the Redan, 
but Russians evacuated the fortress. Peace concluded at Paris, March, 
'56. Russia t-estored all conquests and withdrew all claims. Important 
rules adopted in regard to privateering, and as to neutral rights in war. 

Sepoy Mutiny in '57; caused by native hatred of British rule, which 
was often arbitrary and oppressive. Ostensible cause, the serving out of 
greased cartridges, which were offensive to native religious prejudices. 
Officers murdered at Meerut; Delhi captured, by insurgents. Terrible 
massacre of Europeans at Cawnpore, by order of Nena Sahib. Have- 
lock and Campbell defeated mutineers; retaking Delhi and relieving 
Lncknow, which was hard pressed. Mutineers punished with utmost 
severity. Possessions of East India Company transferred to the Crown. 
Second Opium loar with China, '58-60. Pekin taken and plundered. 
War with Abyssinia in '68; to secure release of English captives. 
Second Reform bill in ''(SS, extending franchise, and equalizing election 
districts. Established church abolished in Ireland, '69. System of 
popular education provided by law, '70. Alabama claims settled at 
Geneva, '72. Purchase in the army abolished, '70. Irish Land Act 
in '81, provided for '"three F's " — Free sale; Fair rents; Fixity of 
tenure. Victoria proclaimed Empress of India in '77. 



NORMAN PIRACIES AND COXQUESTS. 

From eighth to eleventh century, Scandinavian pirates or vikings 
plundered coast of Europe; particularly of England and France. Many 
went to Constantinople, and for some centuries the body guard of the 
Byzantine emperors was made up of northern mercenaries; Danes, En- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 55 



glish and Franks; known as the Vtiranglan or Frank guard, in the 
ninth century, liarig^ a Norse cliieftain, founded Kiev, and the name 
Russia is derived iVoni him. 

Alfred the Great, in nintli century, after long struggles with the 
Northmen (generally called D(iaes), granted them lauds in uortiieast of 
England; known as the Danelagh. 

In tenth century under Hollo., Northmen took Rouen, twice sacked 
Paris; finally received grant of land in jYeustn'a, from Charles the Sim- 
ple; Nortnandy as -a fief • Brittany as an allod. Result good. Normans 
generally took French wives; so that their native language was soon lost. 

About J 040, Robert G a iscard took Aj)ulu(, and established kingdom 
of Naples and the two /Sicilies. 

Norman Conquest of England, lOOO. 



THE THREE GREAT ITALIAN REPUBLICS 

were Venice., (xciioa and Pisa. Venice was foundetl 4-4.30, by refugees 
lleeing from ^Itlila. Government at last became an oppressive oligarchy. 
Chief magistrate styled Doge; often controlled ijy " Conncil of Ten.."" 
Government of Genoa modelled after that of ancient Rome. All noted 
for commerce; Florence and Venice for architecture and art; Pisa also 
for manufactures. 



FRANCE AFTER PART1TI(3N OF VERDUX. 

Great discords for more than a hundred years; often caused Tjy divi- 
si(jn of territory to several heirs. Normans obtained lands in Neustria, 
Oil. Line of Charlemagne ended 087. Mligh Capet, first king of 
France. ;Royal domain about one-tenth of modern France.) P/t.ili/> 
IT {Augustus) went on Third Crusade; conquered Normandy; defeated 
John at Douvines, 1214. Was worsted in a memorable quarrel with 
Pope. Louis LX (7th and 8th Crusade), a genuine lover of justice; 
established royal courts, and gave vassals right of appeal in certain cases; 
died at Tunis. Philip the Fair established many free towns, and 
strengthened the crown against nobles by aiding the people. Suppressed 
Templars. 

House of VaJois, 1328. 

First sovereign, Philip VI, ne[)liew of Philip V. Edward III of 
England claimed crown; led to '■'Hundred Years War.'" Battle of 
Helvoetsluys, Crecg, Poictiers. (Japture of Calais. King John the 
Good died in captivity in London. Charles V recovered all France 
except Calais. During insanity of Charles VI, 1415, Henry V of England 



56 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

renewed war. Desperate quarrel between House of Burgundy ajid 
House of Orleans. John t/ie Fearless, uncle of king, secured murder of 
Duke of Orleans; was himself assassinated at bridge of Moiitereau. Bur- 
gundy aided England. France defeated at Agincourt, 1415. Heni-y, by 
Treaty of Troyes^ married Catherine., daughter of Charles VI. Their 
infant son, Henry TV, was proclaimed king of France and England at 
Paris; claim acknowledged by many French. National party supported 
Daujihin, Charles VII, who, by aid of Joa)i of Arc, was crowned at 
Hheims, and drove English out of country. Joan captured by English; 
burned at stake at Rouen. France made no resolute effort to save her. 

Louis XI, 14G1, able, artful, cautious, unscrupulous, consolidated 
kingdom at expense of nobles and clergy. Particularly hostile to House 
of Burgundy. Added Maine., Anjon and Provence to royal domain. 
Foiled by intrigue the '•'•League of the Public WeaV; a dangerous com- 
bination of nobles. (See Scott's Quentin. Durxoarcl) 

Charles the Loll., Duke of Burgundy, obtained Flanders by mar- 
riage, purchased or conquered several small states; aimed at independent 
sovereignty. Made war on Swiss; was defeated with great loss at Gran- 
son, and Moral, 147G, and defeated and killed at Nancy in '77. His 
heiress Mary married Maximilkoi of Austria. Charles VUI married 
Anne, heiress of Lrlttany., which thus became a part of France. En- 
gaged in bloody war with Spain, for possession of Italy. Succeeded in 
1498 by his distant cousin, Louis Nil, witli whom begins the 



House of Valois-Oi'leans. 

Louis mai'ried tlie widowed queen to keep Brittany in the family. 
A popular and able sovereign. Kept up war in Italy. Took 3Iilan 
from Sforza family, and Naples from Aragon. League of CcilYl- 
hvciy, 1508, against Venice, by France, Germany, Spain and the pope. 
The first great coalition of European powers. Venice lost her posses- 
sions on mainland, Spain, the Pope and Germany united \\\ ii '•'■ Hoi y 
Leagiie'''' against France. England also joined the League; Scots sided 
with France. Battle of Flodden. Francis I continued war in Italy; 
won battle of Marignano, 1515, over Swiss mercenaries in service of 
Milan. [BaMle of tlie Giimts.) Was knighted on l)attle-fiel<l by Bayard., 
tlie "Knight without fear and without reproach." Competed for Ger- 
man throne against Charles I of Spain and Heiny VIII of England. 
Made friendship with Henry. {Field of the Cloth of (rold.) Defeated 
by Spanish at Pavia, 1525; taken prisoner and carried to Madrid. Kept 
a year; signed an unfavorable treaty, which he broke at first opportunity. 
Rome taken and sacked by mercenaries under Constable of Lourbon, 
1527. (The Black Bands.) Peace of Cambray (The Ladies'' Peace), 
1520. Made leao;ue with Turks ao^ainst Charles of German v. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 57 

JTenri/ IT married Catherine de Medici. Guise family very power- 
ful in France. Spanish and English defeated French at ISt. Qiientin., 
1558; French retook Calais. Peace of Cateau Cambresis, 1550, made 
between France and Spain, to enable them to suppress heresy. Henry 
II accidentally killed in a tournament. Francis //married Mary Queen 
of Scots; lived but a few months after. Crown went to his brother 
Charles IX, a minor; real ruler, Catherine de Medici. Wars of the 
Religion. Huguenots persecuted. Name Huguenots probably derived 
from German Eidgenossen (Confederates). Were generally Calvinists. 
Leaders, Prince of Conde and Coligni brothers. War broke out in '62; 
caused by attack of Duke of Guise on a congregation of Protestants. 
Conde taken prisoner at battle of Dreux. Edict of Amboise gave 
liberty of worship to nobles. War resumed in '69. Huguenots defeated 
at Jarnac and Moncontour. Obtained slight concessions by peace of St. 
Germains^'' 70. 

Henrij of Navarre., Protestant leader, heir apparent to throne, was 
to marry M<(rgaret., sister of king. Great gathering of Protestant nobles 
at Paris in honor of marriage. Advantage taken of a supposed plot to 
put down Guise family and the queen's party to secure general massacre 
of Huguenots. 3Ia.ssacre of St. Bartholoyneuu Aug. 24th, '72. 
Partly religious; partly political. Thirty thousand moderate estimate of 
number slain. Pope struck a medal in honor of the murder. Henry HI 
succeeded, '74. League of Catholic nobles to secure succession to a 
Catholic instead of Henry of Navarre. Duke (f Guise murdered by 
orders of king; and king in turn assassinated. 



House of Bourbon. 

Henry of Navarre opposed by League, aided by Philip II of Spain. 
Henry won battles of Arques ^nd Ivri/, 1590. Turned Catholic and thus 
ended ojDposition. Issued Edict of N antes, granting legal rights to 
Protestants. One of the ablest of French sovereigns. Made Maximilian 
de Rosny, Duke of Sully, his prime minister; one of the ablest of states- 
men. Doubled the revenue of kingdom in twelve years, while the rate 
of taxation was lowered. Encouraged manufactures. Aided Dutch 
against Spain. Had an idea of a great European confederation. As- 
sassinated by a fanatic, with no assignable cause. His public record is 
much better than his private life. 

Louis NIII married A/ine of Austria, daughter of Philip III of 
Spain. Cardinal Richelieu real ruler of country for many years, in 
spite of hatred of queen mother and queen, and many plots formed 
against his life. Hated House of Austria intensely. Suppressed Hugue- 
not power in France. Took Rochelle in spite of aid sent from Enarland. 
Induced Swedes to aid German Protestants in Thirty Years' War, in 



58 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

vvhicli France took a leading part alter deatii ol" Gustavus. Brilliant 
victory won by youthful Conde at Rocroi over Spanish, 1043. French 
also won battle of JVonlllmjOi in Saxony over imperial forces, 1645. 
Obtained Alsace and Brisach by Treaty of JVestp/udia. 

Louis NIV succeeded at age of six. Queen mother regent. 
Administration arbitrary; led to civil war. ( War of the Fronde^ '48— 
'53.) Prince of Conde headed party against Queen and Cardinal 
Mazarin. Nobles attempted to limit power of sovereign; failed; and 
France was almost a despotism for 60 years. Cromwell an ally of 
Mazarin. War with Spain for a long period, resulting in capture of 
Dunkirk, which was given to England. Peace of tJie Pyrenees^ 1659; a 
part of which was the marriage of Louis XIV to Jfaria Margarita^ 
daughter of Philip IV of Spain. Louis fc^rmally renounced all claim to 
throne of Spain for himself and his posterity. England received 
Jamaica. In 1G61 Louis assumed entire charge of all state affaii's. 
Made all state papers pass through his own hands. Claimed Spanish 
Nethei'lands in right of his wife, and took most of the country claimed. 
Triple Alliance compelled him to give up his conquest. Bought the 
secret aid of Charles II of England and detached England from alliance. 
Bought neutrality of Sweden, and invaded Holland in '72. Prince of 
Orange made leader bv Dutch, but was uinible to keep the field. Popu- 
lar party, headed by John De TF/W, sought peace, but obtained terms so 
unfavorable that the people rose against DeWitt and murdered him. 
Dutch opened their dikes and flooded the country; compelling French 
to withdraw. Elector of Brandenburg aided Dutch. Z'?«"e«Me, the great 
French General ; Montecacull the German leader. De Jiuyter fought com- 
bined French and English navies without decisive result. Alsace taken by 
Turenne; the Palatinate cruelly ])lundered. Desperate battle at tSeneJf'e, 
in which Prince of Orange proved a match for the great Conde. Turenne 
killed, and Conde compelled by age to withdraw. De Ruyter defeated 
and killed in luival battle near Sicily, by Admiral iJa Quesne. Vaahan 
a skillful French engineer; fortified many famous fortresses. Cohorn an 
equally famous Dutch engineer. English Commons forced Charles II to 
make alliance with Holland. William of Orange married Mary, daughter 
of .James, Duke of Vork. France and Holland made Peace of Nimuegen^ 
78. Tjosses of war fell mostly (jn Spain. Louis at height of his power. 
Added several towns to his domains by arbitrary means; much resented, 
but not to be resisted except by another great war. Became more big- 
oted as he grew older. Began to persecute Huguenots; revoked Edict 
of Nantes on his own authority. Destroyed churches; banished all 
Protestant ministers; forbade Huguenots to leave France; made them 
bring their children to receive Catholic baptism. Nearly half a million 
escaped; some of them of high rank and great influence. Carried silk 
industry to England. S'-homherg^ one of them, became a trusted general 
of Prince of Orange. Holland organized coalition against France, 



GENERAL HISTORY. 59 

whicli vvas postponed by Williain''s taking English crown. James II wel- 
comed by Louis. France invaded Germany in '88; completely destroyed 
the Palatinate; burned TIeidelburg and many other towns. Grand Alli- 
iDice of England, Holland, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria ami Saxony against 
Louis. French aided James II in Ireland with fleet and army; were 
foiled at siege of Derry. English and Dutch defeated off Beachy Head 
by French fleet; several English towns burned. Same day Battle of the 
Boyne. William in person defeated James with great loss. Schornberg 
killed. James fled to France. Irish defeated at Anr/hrim. Limeric/c 
taken by English. 7000 Irish left their country, many of whom took 
service in French army. French in Netherlands defeated William at 
Fleurus; captured Moiis and iVawyM';came off" on equal terms at bloody 
battle of Steinkirk; defeated Dutch at JVeerwi/iden,. English fleet under 
Admiral Rooke defeated French at Cape La Hague; but Rooke vvas 
defeated in Lagos Bag with heavy loss by TourvUle; Luxembourg^ the 
great French general, vvas succeeded by incompetent Villeroi; William 
recaptured Namur. Louis bought off Savoy by large concessions of ter- 
ritory; other States consented to Peace of Rgswick, '97. French com- 
pelled to surrender most of her conquests; also to acknowledge William 
as king of England, and to give up all support of House of Stuart. 

IVar of the Sjxiatsh Succession, 1701-14. Designed to secure 
'''■Balance of Poioer.'''' Caused by attempt of Louis XIV to place his 
grandson, Pliilip of Aiijou^ on throne of Spain. Rightful heir in 169(3, 
young Elector of Bavaria, to whom Charles II bequeathed his dominions. 
Death of the Elector left the succession in doubt. Emperor of Germany 
claimed crown in right of his mother; transferred his claim to his second 
son, Charles III of Spain. Charles II induced to make a will in favor 
of Philip of Anjou; claim supported by Louis, wot only in violation of 
Peace of Pyrenees, but also of a special arrangement with William, 
''''Grand Alliance'''' of England, Germany, Holland, Elector Palatine and 
Elector of Brandenburg, recently made king of Prussia. William III 
died before war commenced, but Ann under control of Whig party car- 
ried on his plan. JIarlborough the great English general; Eugene of 
Savoy the principal imperial leader. French leaders far inferior to Tu- 
renne and Conde. In 1703, French and Spanish fleets defeated in Vigo 
Bay, with heavy loss. Next year French army under Villars made a 
masterly campaign in Germany; with aid of Bavaria defeated imperial 
army at Ilochstedt and threatened Vienna. Spain and Portugal joined 
allies. Protestant insurrection in Languedoc suppressed with great dif- 
ficulty. Marlborough joined Eugene in Bavaria in 1704, and won battle 
of Blenheim over Tallard. French lost nearly 40,000. Admiral Rooke 
took Gibraltar. Charles III landed in Spain; was acknowledged asking 
by many Spaniards. English Earl of Peterborough took Barcelona. 
Disastrous defeat of French at Ramillies in 1706, with loss of most of 
Netherlands. Also defeated by Eugene at Turin; compelled to evacu- 



60 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

ate Italy. Madrid taken by Charles III. In 1707, Duke of Berwick 
defeated English and Portuguese at Almanza. In 1708, Allies won 
battle of Oudenarde and invaded France. Louis made proposals of 
peace; Allies over-sanguine and exacted such terms as to end negotia- 
tions. Marlborough won battle of Malplaquet^ 1709; the most obsti- 
nately contested of whole war. Allies lost more than French (20,000). 
Renewed proposals for peace met by allies with increased demands. 
French successful in Spain; English lost two great battles and abandoned 
country. Whigs lost control of English government, and Tories opened 
negotiations tending to peace. Death of Emperor of Germany left 
throne to Charles III; Allies not disposed to add Spain to Germany. 
English soon withdrew; bargaining for Gibraltar; for recognition of 
Queen Ann; definite relinquishment of claim of Stuart family and their 
expulsion from France. Marlborough recalled in disgrace; charged 
before Parliament with embezzlement. Eugene defeated at Deiiain in 
1713. Peace of Utrecht signed in 1713. Spanish Netherlands 
ceded to Germany; Sicily given to Savoy; Duke of Savoy made king. 
Germany dissatisfied; kept up war a year longer ineffectively; made 
separate peace of Rastadt. France kept her territories nearly intact; 
Spain went to Philip of Anjou. Losses of French immense; credit 
gone; industries paralyzed; pul)lic debt enormous. 

Age of Louis most brilliant in French literature. Great agitations 
in church during this reign. Janseiiist controversy; suppression of 
establishments at Pori Royal; '• Quietists " persecuted. 

Louis ATT^, great grandson of Louis XIV, five years old on acces- 
sion. Duke of Orleans regent. Made alliance with England; aided by 
her in a war with Spain. Law's Jtfississippi Schone, including a gov- 
ernment bank, unlimited paper money, a company with a monopoly of 
trade with West Indies and Louisiana, and funding of national debt, 
with mortgage on taxes as security. Great speculative excitement; 
shares sold for forty times face value. Sadden collapse of scheme, with 
extraordinary financial distress. Law's ideas probably gave rise to 
funded national debts and much of modern finance. 

Louis married daughter of exiled king of Poland, and thus involved 
France in war of Polish Successio)i; designed to place his father-in-law, 
/Stcfnislas Leczynshl on throne of Poland. War lasted two years. Vil- 
lars and Duke of Berwick killed. Russia and Germany opposed Stanis- 
las, who was compelled to resign his claims, and became Duke of Lor- 
raine. 

War of Austrian Succession broke out in 174:0. France supported 
claim of Elector of Bavaria., and engaged to keep off the English in 
Hanover and to send troops to Bavaria. 3faria Theresa^ aided by her 
Hungarian subjects, drove French out of Prague; England sent army of 
60,000 into Germany; many other States withdrew, and left the French 
almost alone against Austria. George II in person won battle of Det- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 61 

tingeri over Duke of Gratnmoiit. English defeated at Fontenoij., '45, by 
French under Marshal Saxe. Saxe took Antwerp, and defeated allies in 
Belgium, taking most of the country. In India, French took Madras 
from English. Retaken in two years. War ended by peace of Aix-lu- 
Chapelle, '48. France bore the brunt of the fighting for several years; 
gained nothing in territory; English very little. War known in Ameri- 
can history as King George's War. France lost Loxisbiirg, but it was 
restored in '48. 

In the '■'■/Seven Years War'''' which broke out in '5G, Maria Theresa, 
by flattering Madame Pompadour., the king's mistress, secured the alli- 
ance of France against Prussia. England and France commenced a war, 
without any formal declaration, in America, in '54; caused by conflicting 
claims to the Ohio Valley. Braddock defeated '55, in expedition against 
Ft. Duquesne. England made alliance with Prussia. French took 
Minorca,' Admiral Byng tried and shot for failing to relieve it. Duke 
of Cumberland forced to sign a disgraceful capitulation in Hanover. 
(irioster-seven,.) French signally defeated by Frederich at Rossbach in 
'57. Louisburg taken again by English in '58. Abercrombie failed in 
attack on Ticonderoga. Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec, '59, and 
in '60 all Canada was surrendered to the British. French lost two great 
battles at sea in '59, and failed in an invasion of Ireland. Were defeated 
in battle of 3£inden, '59, and driven out of Hanover. Made " Fainily 
Compact'''' with Spain in '60, to regard the enemies of one as enemies of 
the other. Especially disastrous to Spain, who lost Havana ^iwd Philip- 
pine Islands. France lost all her West India Islands. War ended '03 
by Peace of Paris. France lost all her American possessions east of 
Mississippi and several West India islands; restored Minorca, gave Sene- 
gal to England. Retained right of fishery in Gulf of St. Lawrence, and 
two small islands as fishing stations. Jesuits expelled from France in '64. 
Corsica annexed to France in '68. Paoll a famous Corsican patriot. 

Last ten years of reign of Louis XIV marked by tyranny, licen- 
tiousness, corruption, crushing taxation, and arbitrary arrests by " Let- 
tres Cachets.'''' " Apres nous le deluge.'''' Age of the Encyclopedists. 
Rousseau very influential and pernicious. 

Louis XIV, '74, married Marie Antoinette., daughter of Empress 
Maria Theresa. Financial difficulties of the State enormous. ProjDerty 
of Church and nobles exempt from taxation. (Two-thirds of landed 
property.) Turgot., first minister of finance, attempted to make all 
property taxable. Violently opposed by "privileged orders", and dis- 
missed. Necker., a Geneva banker, succeeded; made some great 
improvements; abolished many sinecure offices, and secured favorable 
loans. Popular sympathy with America forced the court into alliance 
with the Colonies; followed by war Avith England; principally at sea. 
Spain involved by reason of '■'■ Fam,ily Compact.'''' French aided Dutch 
in enforcing " Armed Neutrality.'''' French defeated in West Indies by 



62 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Admiral Rodney. Took 3fitiorca in '82, and made a vigorous, unsuc- 
cessful attack on Gibraltar, which was kept up for nearly three years. 
Aided Tippoo Sahib against England. War very costly to France. 
Ended by Peace of Versailles^ '83. Fratice obtained honorable and 
favorable terms. 

Necker published a " Comte Rendu "/ a financial statement, which 
professed to give in full the income and expenses of nation. Offended 
privileged orders by the attention drawn to their exemptions, and an- 
gered the people, wlien the^^ understood how much of tlie public money 
was expended on court favorites. Necker forced to resign. Succeeded 
by reckless and incompetent Galomie, who borrowed until public credit 
was exhausted. Deposed and banished. Urienne succeeded; violently 
opposed by Parliament of Paris. Meeting of the States General called. 
Necker recalled. Assembly of Notables called to decide character of 
States General. Decided by royal ordinance, contrary to vote of 
majority, that the " Third Estate^'' or commons, should have one-half of 
representatives. Famous pamphlet by Abbe Sieyes, " liVJiat is the Third 
Esta.tef'' Elections very exciting. Great distress in France in winter 
of '88-9. States General met at Versailles, May, '89; 1145 in all. Con- 
test as to meeting in one body, or in three separate bodies, with mutual 
veto power. Third Estate carried the day in favor of one body by 
aid of parish clergy, who were largely in sympathy with people. Third 
Estate declared itself a national assembly, convened by will of the peo- 
ple; refused to adjourn at orders of king. When barred out of their hall, 
adjourned to a tennis court; took oath not to go home till wrongs were 
redressed. King induced other orders to unite with National Assembly. 

Bastile destroyed by mob in .Tnly. Foreign troops dismissed; 
national guard organized with Z/a Fayette at its head. Riots all over 
Fi-ance; peasantry against nobles. In August, privileged orders volun- 
tarily relinquished all their privileges; abolished all remnants of feudal- 
ism. Tithes abolished soon after. Mob to Versailles in October com- 
pelled king to return to Paris; Assembly soon followed. All titles of 
nobility abolished, and all men made equal before the law. Old division 
of Provinces abolished; 83 departments created. Cimrch estates declared 
the property of nation; paper money known as «ss/^nate issued, based on 
these lands as security. Great emigration of old nobility. 

Great celebration of fall of Bastile in '90. Mirabeau died in April, 
'91; a great loss to royal party, as he was able to control popular violence, 
and was more reasonable than many. Negotiations with emigrant nobles 
and foreign powers to secure restoration of property and order. King 
attempted to flee the country; arrested and brought ])ack; suspended 
from all his functions till a new constitution was ready. Jacobin and 
Cordelier Clubs excited a mob to depose king; suppressed by La Fayette 
by orders of Assembly. Constitution signed by king in September, '91. 
National Assembly passed Self-denying ordinance that none of its mem- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 03 

bers should be eligible to new legislative assembly. This assembly con- 
tained 745 members; mostly lawyers of middle class; tiot of marked 
ability. Three parties; the Feaillants^ satisfied with what had been 
already done; the Girondists, desiring further changes; the Mountain, 
radical Republicans, representing the mob of Paris, including the Jacob- 
ins and Cordeliers. Many clergy imprisoned for refusing to take oath to 
support new constitution. Austria and Prussia, backed by other powers, 
demanded restoration of monarchy to basis of '89, and restitution of 
church property. Mob of Paris charged king with aiding this movement; 
seized municipal power in Paris; murdered commander of national 
guard; attacked the Tnileries; massacred /Sioiss f/nard who were con- 
fused by contradictory orders; compelled royal family to take refuo-e in 
hall of national Assembly; dictated to Assembly their own demands 
and tlie king was deposed. Jacobins became inanao-ers of affairs. Kino- 
and family imprisoned in Temple. La Fayette on frontiers refused to 
take oath of allegiance to new authority; fled to the Allies who impris- 
oned him for five years, as responsible for condition of France. 

In September more than two thousand political prisoners in Paris 
were massacred by mob. Many priests among victims. Allies at first 
successful, but a defeat at Vahny gave great encouragement to France, 
and led to withdrawal of Prussian forces. Austrians were defeated at 
Jeniappes in November, and Belgium proclaimed itself a republic. Na- 
tional G onvention \\\q\j in September, '92. Jacobins and Girondists bit- 
terly hostile to each other. Royalty abolished by vote on first dav of ses- 
sion. New era inaugurated; " Year One of the Republic'''' to date from 
Septembei- 21, 1792. Made a fantastic new calendar. Forbade all titles 
of honor. King tried on ground of conspiracy with enemies of France. 
Trial lasted nearly a montli. King condemned to deatli by a small ma- 
jority. Executed in Januar}-, '93. Great indignation throughout all 
Europe. Only Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland i-emained at peace 
with France. Dumouriez abandoned his army and went over to Austria. 
^'■Revolutionary/ Tribunal'''' established, and "Committee of Public 
Safety," with arbitrary powers. Girondists expelled from assembly and 
imprisoned. Marat assassinated hy Charlotte Cordai/. Royalist insur- 
rection in La Vendee. Lyons I'evolted — almost destroyed by orders of 
Convention. Toulon rebelleil; aided b}- English and Spanish fleet. Na- 
poleon first distinguished himself as chief of artillery in this sieo-e. 
'■'■ Reign of Terror'''' began in July, '93. Robespferre chief member of 
Committee of Public Safety. 

Marie Antoinette tried and executed. G-irondists executed; among 
them Madam Roland. Carrier at Nantes put to death 1.5,000 in three 
months. All Christian worship prohibited; death declared to be an eter- 
nal sleep. Sabbath abrogated; every tenth day to be a holiday. ILe- 
bertists, the atheistic party, finally overthrown by Robespierre. Danton 
and his party, inclining to views comparatively moderate, were crushed. 



(U A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Robespierre became almost absolute. Atheistic declaration of Assembly- 
repealed. Conspiracy formed against Robespierre, and his arrest ordered. 
Was overthrown and executed, July, '94, and Reign of Terror ended 
with his downfall. Great re-action against all who had been prominent 
in reign of Terror. Jacobin club mobbed and broken up. Carrier 
executed. Mobs in spring of '95 broken up by vigorous measures of 
Convention. French generally successful in arms in '94 and '95. Hol- 
land conquered by Pichegru/ peace made with Prussia and Spain. Civil 
war in La l^endee checked in '95 and ended in '96. Most of royalist 
leaders executed or killed in battle. 100,000 people perished in this 
rebellion. 

New Constitution formed in '95; legislative power in hands of two 
bodies — Council of' Ancients and Council of Five Hundred. Executive 
power vested in a Directory of five. Opjiosed by royalists, who stirred 
up mob of Paris to prevent its going into effect. Sections of Paris took 
up arms against Convention. Sarras appointed to command convention 
troops, but real commander was Napoleon. Routed Sections with severe 
loss by prompt use of artillery. {D'OJ of Sections.) Revolution virtu- 
ally ended by this day's work, and an orderly government began. 



Causes of French Revolution, 

I. Oppressive and unequal taxation^ with bad system of collection. 
Taxes farmed. 

II. The exemptions ami monopolies of the " Pi'ivileged Orders." 

III. Spirit of democracy, encouraged by success of American 
Revolution. 

IV. Corruption of the cliurch, and the violent attacks made upon it 
by Voltaire, Diderot and the Encyclopedists. 

V. Corruption and extravagance of the Court, and the frequent use 
of " Lettres Cachets.'''' 

Results, 

I. An immense impulse to the cause of popular liberty everywhere. 

II. A great re-action in favor of absolutism. 

III. The plunging of France into a career of foreign conquest, 
ending in her great exhaustion and financial ruin; with a restoration of 
the old form of government. 

On the whole, more good than evil. 

In '96 Napoleon was put in command of the army of Italy, to fight 
Austria and Sardinia. In a year and a half defeated three Austrian 
armies greatly outnumbering his own; conquered all northern Italy and 
Venice; humbled the Pope. Most famous battles, Lodi., Arcole and 



GENERAL HISTORY. 65 



RivolL Followed Austriaiis into their own territory; forced Treaty of 
Camplo Forrnlo in ''J7. Naples, Switzerland and northern Italy became 
republics under French protection. Carried ofl" to Paris many celebrated 
works of art; made defeated peoples pay expenses of war. Royalist 
conspiracy to overthrow Directory detected; many leaders banished. 
Great preparations to invade England in '98; abandoned because of 
design to attack English supremacy in East by seizing Egypt. Great 
expedition under Napoleon sailed from Toulon in May. Took Malta on 
the way from Knights of St. John. Landed in Egypt; took Alexandria 
with slight resistance. Egypt nominally ruled by Turks; real rulers the 
Mamelukes. Marched upon Cairo; fought on the way the " Battle of 
the Pyramids.'''' French fleet destroyed by Nelson in Aboukir JBay 
{Battle of the Nile). French went to Syria to attack Turks; took Jaffa; 
put to death 1,200 prisoners for violating their parole. Foiled in siege of 
Ac7'e., where English fleet under Sidney Smith aided Turks. Defeated 
Turks at 3ft. Tabor., but compelled to return to Egypt. Defeated Turks 
at Aboukir Bay, with heavy loss; many drowned. Russia joined Allies 
against France; Italy retaken; Switzerland mostly surrendered; Naples 
taken by English. Napoleon, iiearing of these reverses, left his troops 
in Egypt under command of Kleher. Returned to Paris, aided in over- 
throwing Directory and establishing Consulate, New Constitution of 
Year "FZ// created three Consuls, a Tribunate of 100, and a Legisla- 
tive Chamber of Three Hundred. Rio-ht of suff'raare much abrid<red. 

o o o 

Napoleon made First Consul., with Cambaceres and Lebrwi as colleagues; 
real power in hands of Napoleon. Constitution ratified by majority of 
nearly three millions. Addressed letter to king of England urging 
peace. Churches re-opened and Sabbath restored. Priests allowed to 
return. Finances managed with great ability. 

In April, 1800, Austrians drove French into Genoa and besieged 
them there. Napoleon crossed the Alps, and came unexpectedly upon 
Austrian lines. Won great battle of Marengo. Moreau at same time, 
moving upon Vienna, defeated Archduke John of Austria at Ilohenlin- 
den.^ near Munich. Peace of Luneville followed; nearly identical with 
that of Campio Formio. Kleber in Egypt assassinated by a fanatic; 
French defeated by Abercrombie., who was killed in the battle; remnant 
of French army surrendered by Menou. Peace of Amiens., February, 
1802. Malta to be restored to Kniglits of St. John; Egypt to Turkey. 
Trinidad and Ceylon went to England. 

Attempt to kill Napoleon by street explosion. Laws of France 
remodeled; " Code Napoleon'''' still basis of French law and of law of 
Louisiana. Great improvements made in roads and other public works. 
" Concordat,'''' a celebrated agreement with Pope, to restore Catholicism 
and make it a State religion. Emigrants allowed to return. " Legion 
of Honor" instituted; a sort of order of nobility founded on personal 
5 



66 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

merit. Chosen First Consul for life in 1S0;3. Piedmont annexed to 
France. 

Insurrection in St. Domingo., headed by l^oussaint IJOuoerture., wlio 
was tal<en jjrisoner and died m a French prison. Eng-lisii refused to 
evacuate Malta; seized all French vessels found in her ports. Napoleon 
seized all British subjects found in French territory. Peace of Amiens 
lasted only 18 months. Fi'ench took Hanover and JSTcq^les. Great prep- 
arations made for invasion of England. Clioiian Conspiracy to murder 
Napoleon. Pichegru arrested; died by suicide in prison; supposed to 
have been secretly murdered. Duke of EngJden seized in neutral terri- 
tory of Baden, on charge of conspiracy; tried by a court-martial and 
shot. Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of the French^ May, 1804; ratified 
by people with almost unanimous vote. Pope Pius I Jl c-dme to Paris to 
crown Napoleon, in December, 1804. Proclaimed kifig of Italy next 
year; crowned at Milan. Coalition between Russia and England in 
1805. Austria joined them and commenced war. Mack compelled to 
surrender at Ulm. Vienria taken by French; Massena recovered Italy. 
French navy destroyed at Trafalgar by Nelson, who was killed in battle. 
Combined Russians and Austrians defeated by Napoleon at Aiisterlitz., 
December, 1805; most brilliant of Napoleon's victories. • Peace of Pres- 
hurg followed; great humiliation of Austria. Death of Pitt said to 
have been hastened by news of battle. Naples made an independent 
kingdom; crown given to Joseph Bonaparte., brother of Napoleon. Hol- 
land made a kingdom, and given to Louis, who had married Hortense, 
Napoleon's step-daughter. England won battle of Maida, in Calabria, 
but were unable to drive French out of Naples. " Co) federation of the 
Rhine'''' formed in 180G; dismembering German Empire. Emperor 
Francis relinquished title of Emperor; fiction of '•^ Holy Roman Fm- 
pire''"' ended. 

Prussia hastily declared war without previous preparation; was 
promptly defeated in battle of Jena and Auerstadt, fought on same day; 
resulting in loss of Magdeburg and French capture of Berlin. 

From Berlin, Napoleon issued decree declaring British Isles in a 
state of blockade; forbidding all intercourse with her or her colonies. 
This " Continental Policy " very detrimental to France, as many coun- 
tries were largely dependent on England for necessaries. French 
marched eastward to attack Russians. Held out promises of freedom to 
Poland to secure aid. Fought battle of Eylau in winter, and were 
defeated, but next year defeated Russians at Friedland. Made Peace of 
Tilsit in June, 1807. Losses of war fell largely on Prussia. Prussian- 
Poland made independent as Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Rhenish Prus- 
sia given to Jerome., with title of king of Westphalia. Power of 
Napoleon culminated with Peace of Tilsit. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 67 



PENINSULAR WAR. 

Portugal refused to exclude English commerce. Napoleon an- 
noiiuced that "The House of Braganza had ceased to rule," and sent 
Janot to seize Lisbon. Portuguese regent took refuge in Brazil. 
Charles IV oi Spain induced to abdicate in favor of his son Ferdinand; 
then protested that he had been forced to resign, and demanded kingdom 
again. Both father and son referred their claims to Napoleon, who kept 
both in restraint; had his brother Joseph proclaimed king. (Naples 
given to 3Iurat.) Spanish people generally bitterly hostile to French 
rule. Saragossa made a gallant and successful defence against tlie 
French. {Maid of Saragossa.) Portuguese revolted; ?d<leiihy English 
under Arthur Wellesley, who defeated Jimot at Vmeira in August, 
1808; followed l)y " Convention, of Cintra,'''' by which French were 
allowed to withdraw from Portugal. Very unsatisfactory to English, 
who expected capture of whole army. Napoleon entered Spain. British 
driven back to Corunna; compelled to embark under fire; Sir .John 
Moore killed. Napoleon called away by renewal of war with Austria. 
Defeated Austrians at Eckmulil; stormed Itatlshon; took Vienna a sec- 
ond time. Eugene drove Austrians out of Italy. Desperate struggle in 
the Tyrol., where Tyrolese, under Andreas Ilofer., revolted from Bavaria. 
Napoleon crossed the Danube at island of Lohan; fought a terrible 
battle at Aspern and Essllng. Lannes was killed and French compelled 
to fall back. Victory of Wagram, July, 1809, compelled Austria to sign 
a fourth treaty, Schoenbrunn. Much of southern Austria surrendered to 
France, including port of Trieste. Austria forced to give consent to 
"Continental Scheme." Pope taken prisoner by Napoleon; carried to 
France and kept till fall of Napoleon, as he refused to take off excom- 
munication. French in Portugal defeated by Wellesley at Talavera. 
Saragossa taken by French, and English fell back to Portugal. 

In December, 1809, Napoleon divorced Josephine; married Maria 
Louisa., daughter of Emperor of Austria. Marriage very unpopular, as 
indicating his utter renunciation of republican ideas. One son born of 
this marriage; called hing of Rome. (Died at age of 19.) Kingdom of 
Holland abolished; country annexed to French empire. North Germany 
seized and annexed, to carry out " Continental policy." Bernadotte, one 
<jf marshals of France made king of Sweden, but did not act in sympathy 
with Napoleon. 

In Peninsula, in 1810, Massena took Ciudad Rodrigo smd Aliueida; 
attacked Wellington at Rusaco, but was repulsed. Wellington fell back 
to '■'• Eines of Torres Vedras.^^ Next year French were defeated at 
Fuentes de Onor and Albuera. In 1812 English took Ciudad Rodrigo 
and Badajos, with heavy loss. Defeated French at Salamanca ; occu- 
pied Madrid, but were driven out, and Joseph re-occupied his capital. 



68 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

In 1813 French were defeated at VUtoria^ and driven out of Spain. 
Wellington followed them into France; took St. Sebastian and Pam2)e- 
luna; defeated SouU at Orthez and Toulouse. Battle of Toulouse 
fought after fall of Napoleon. 

War with Russia in 1812; caused by French invasion of Swedish 
Pomerania, and appeal of Sweden to Alexander. Nearly half a million 
of men massed by Napoleon for this war; not more than one-fifth French. 
Army moved too late in season; first great blunder. Took Smolensho; 
fought a desperate battle at Borodino; the bloodiest of all Napoleon's 
battles. Russians fell back on 3Ioscoic., but made no resistance to French 
occupation. City burned by orders of Russian government, that it 
might give no shelter to French, who were compelled to retreat in winter 
and suffered terrible losses. Passage of the Beresina particularly fatal 
to French. Not more than one-tenth of army escaped. Army recruited 
by rigorous conscrijjtion. Prussia joined Russia. Napoleon victorious 
at Luetzen Qxvfi Bautzen, but gained no permanent advantage. Consented 
to an armistice; a great mistake, which enabled Austria to complete 
prej^arations to abandon him. Congress at Prague; made such demands 
that Napoleon would not consent. Fighting renewed at Dresden', Napo- 
leon successful. Bavaria deserted French. Three days battle at Leip- 
sig. Napoleon comjDelled to retreat and lost heavily. Saxons deserted 
him during battle. Most of his garrisons in Germany soon overpowered. 
Kingdom of Westphalia broken up; Hanover restored to England; 
House of Orange recalled to Holland; Austria recovered Italy. 

In 1814 the Allies invaded France with three armies, far outnumber- 
ing all that Napoleon could muster. Brilliant fighting on part of Napo- 
leon, but Allies were secretly advised from Paris to push upon the city. 
Battle fought at JMontmartre; French greatly outnumbered; city surren- 
dered. Allied sovereigns entered Paris. Senate, largely influenced by 
Tallyrand, declared that Napoleon had forfeited throne by misconduct. 
Emperor abdicated; renounced all claims to throne for himself and 
heirs. Was sent to Elba., with large annual pension, and small force of 
soldiers. 

Throne of France given to Louis Ji^VIII, brother of Louis XVI. 
Bourbons " Forgot nothing and learnedt nothing.'''' Boundaries of 
France made same as in 1792. Malta given to England. Holland and 
Belgium made one kingdom. Louis arbitrary and injudicious. Con- 
gress of Vieyma to settle aff"airs of Europe. 

In March, 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba; went almost unop- 
posed to Paris; was received with great enthusiasm. Louis fled to 
England. Allied Powers proclaimed Napoleon an enemy of Europe; 
raised and massed great forces. Napoleon made prodigious efforts to 
raise and equip adequate forces, but lacked time. Fought Bhievher suc- 
cessfully at Ligny., but Ney failed at Quatre Bras to carry the points 
necessary to separate English and Prussians. French defeated at Wa- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 69 



tevToo June 18, '15. Napoleon attempted to abdicate in favor of his 
son; then tried to escape to America; finally gave himself up to 
Eno-land. Was carried to Torbai/, but not allowed to land. Sent to St. 
Helena; closely guarded till his death in ''21. Humiliating terms 
imposed on France. Louis XVIII restored. Aided in suppressing a 
I'eform movement in Spain, under orders of '•'• Hohj AlUancey Charles 
X, a typical Bourbon, succeeded in 1824; disbanded the National Guard. 
French aided Greeks in struggle for independence. Fleet took part in 
battle of Navaruio. Very unpopular ministers appointed by king in '30. 
War with Ahjlers undertaken partly to occupy public attention; country 
conquered and made a French province. Popular elections carried 
ao-ainst o-overnment; king assumed dictatorship; abolished by proclama- 
tion liberty of press; dissolved newly elected Chamber of Deputies; 
reduced number of representatives. (Compare with course of James II 
of England.) Revolution broke out. [Three days of July.) Troops 
unable to quell it. Tuileries taken; furniture destroyed; king made 
concessions too late. Fled to England; Louis Phll'qype made king of 
the French by legislative act. 

Insurrection in Belgium against Dutch; Belgium became a separate 
kino-dom. France sent troops to aid Belgians; took Antwerp. 

Many plots and insurrections in early part of this reign. Many 
killed by an infernal machine prepared by Italian Fieschi. Louis Napo- 
leon., son of Louis and Hortense, made two attempts to seize govern- 
ment; first at Strasbourg., '3G; a failure; Louis sent to New York. 
Second attempt at Boulogne', taken and imprisoned, but escaped, Paris 
foi'tified very strongly. Napoleon's remains brought to Paris in '40; 
buried in church of the Lnvalides. Son of Louis married princess of 
Spain. War against Ahd-el-Kader in Algeria. Socialist agitations in 
'48. Reform banquet for Washington's birthday forbidden by govern- 
ment. Sudden and wholly unexpected riot followed; resulting in abdi- 
cation of king in favor of his grandson. Deputies overawed by mob; 
republic proclaimed, with provisional officers. Old watchwords of the 
republic, ^''Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,'''' taken up again. Louis 
escaped to England. Revolution showed great weakness on part of king. 
Socialist and Com,m,unist parties active in Revolution. National work- 
shops established; attracting a great number of men to Paris, to obtain 
well-paid labor with little work. Closing of shops led to formidable 
riots. Archbishop of Paris killed by mob; eleven generals killed or 
wounded; thousands of lives lost. Republican government proclainied; 
went into effect in December. Louis Napoleon chosen first president by 
large majority. 

All Europe convulsed by revolutions in '48. [TJie Eartliquahe 
Year?) Hungary revolted against Austria; headed by Louis Kossuth. 
Lombards threw off Austrian yoke, but were defeated at Novara; 
Charles Albert, king of Piedmont, resigned in favor of his son Victor 



70 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Emanuel. Pope Pius IX, who at first was liberally inclined, was driven 
from Rome by people; took refuge in Gaeta. Florentines also drove out 
their Austrian Duke. Pope appealed to France for aid; troops sent. 
Were defeated near Rome by Garibaldi., but took city and restored Pope. 

In '51, Louis, by " Coup (V Etat^'' seized government; shaped a new 
one according to his own ideas. End of parliamentary go vernment in 
France. Banished many opponents; many killed in suppressing opposi- 
tion. Was elected President for ten years, and next year was chosen 
emperor by immense majority. 

Soon engaged in Crimean ^Var^ in which French troops won great 
honor. 

In 'jO French aided Piedmont to free herself from Austria. French 
under JSIcMahon and emperor in person, won battle of Magenta and 
Solferino. Peace of Villa, Franca very disappointing to Italians, who 
hoped to establish Italian nationality and unity. Lornbardy added to 
Piedmont; French received Nice and Savoy. Troops withdrawn from 
Rome in 'G7. 

War witli China in '57. Helped establish J/rtccmii7/a;i of Austria on 
throne of Mexico, but abandoned his cause when United States objected. 

Made proposed election of a Prince of Hohenzollern to throne of 
Spain a pretext for war with Prussia. Plighting mostly on frontier. Ger- 
mans won almost every battle; defeated McMahon at JVeissenburgy 
JVoerth, Gravelotte and Sedan., where Napoleon surrendered. On news 
of his fall, repuhlic proclaimed at Paris. Germans besieged Paris — no 
communication with outside world except by balloons and carrier pigeons. 
Strasbourg and J/ete captured after long siege. Gambetta raised army 
for relief of Paris, and Garibaldi attempted to help in southeast France. 
All powers of Europe remained neutral. Paris finally compelled by 
starvation to surrender. France lost Alsace and Lorraine, and had to 
pay a war indemnity of a billion of dollars. Desperate insurrection of 
Communists in Paris in '71. Many public buildings and works of art 
destroyed; archbishop of Paris murdered; buildings burned with petro- 
leum; Column of Place Vendome destroyed. Napoleon died in England. 
His only son killed in Africa by Zulus. Republic fairly successful but 
not very stable. 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAPAL POWER. 

Bishops of Rome first claimed primacy in VIII century, during Icono- 
clast controversy. In 755, Pepin le Bref gave Pope Zachary Ravenna 
and 21 cities in neighborhood in return for his acknowledgment of Pepin 
as king of the Franks; the beginning of Pope's temporal power. Tran- 
substantiation first taught in IX century. Waldenses early reformers; 
protested against arbitrary power of Rome. Pope Gregory VII {Hilde- 



GENERAL HISTORY. 71 



brand) +1070, great ciiampion of papal supremacy. Humbled Henry 
IV of Germany; enforced celibacy of the clergy. Crusades added 
much to power and wealth of church. Wahlenses and Albi.(/enses cruelly 
persecuted in XIII century. 

In lol3, Clement V removed papal seat to Avignon, where it 
remained for 70 years. (Called by church historians I3iibylonlsh Cap- 
tivity.) Rival popes elected by French and Italians. Ilitss in Bohemia 
and Wydljfe in England opposed many doctrines and practices of 
church; especially image worship, prayer to saints, confession and celi- 
bacy of priests. Council of Constance, 1414, deposed three rival popes ^ 
and elected a successor. Condemned Wycliffe's doctrines; ordered his /l^^.a^:c*^,^mXc\'^ 
bones to be burned. Ilnss condemned and ])urned in violation of 
Emperor Sigismund's safe conduct. Terrible religious war in Bohemia. 
Church finally triumphant. 

PROTESTANT REFORMATION, 1517. 

Roic/dln, Urasmns and Ilidten wrote satirical attacks upon church. 
3Iartui Luther, a Saxon monk, attacked sale of indulgences by 
Tetzel. Posted on door of Wittenburg Cathedral 95 theses attackino- 
corrupt doctrines and practices of church. Excommunicated and writ- 
ings condemned. Retorted by burning Papal bull. Appeared under, 
safe conduct at Worms, 1531. Refused to recant; condemned. Carried 
away by friends, with show of violence, to W<(rtburg castle, where he 
remained in seclusion ten months, translating Bible into German. Ana- 
baptlsts in Munster committed great excesses; several jieasant wars. 
Diet of Spires, 15:39. Doctrines of Luther jjresented by Melancthon. 
Condemned; Reformers protested formally, and thenceforth known as 
Protestants. Aiu/slmrg Confession (Lutheran Creed), 1530. 

Zuingllus, a Swiss reformer, separated from Luther on question of 
"real presence." Killed in battle with many of his followers (1531). 
Quarrels of Charles V with France and war with Turks prevented the use 
of force to suppress Protestants. Many German princes favored Reform- 
ation in interest of independence of Rome. League of Smalkakl of 
Protestant princes, led Sy Saxony, Council of Trent met 1545; not 
formally adjourned till 15G4. Luther died 154G. Same year War of 
SmaUcald broke out. Maurice of Saxony betrayed Reformers. Emperor 
easily conquered all south and west Germany. Elector of Saxony 
defeated at Muhlberg, 1547; kept a close prisoner. Treacherously seized 
Philip Landgrave of Hesse. Council of Trent proposed a compromise 
known as the Augsburg Interim; satisfactory to none. Maurice deserted 
Charles; formed a secret alliance with Henry II of France; attempted to 
seize Charles, who escaped to Italy with difficulty. Council of Trent 
dispersed. Peace of Passau, 1552, granted toleration and general 
amnesty. Religious Peace of Augsburg, '55. Lasted rill 1G18. 



72 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

In Switzerland, Jollll Cdlvill gave the Reformation a shape that 
separated his followers from Lutherans, and gave rise to Presbyterian 
church. French Protestants called Ilnguenotsj generally Calvinists; 
persecuted till 1597. Spain completely suppressed Reformation by 
means of inquisition. Holland became Calvinistic. Scandinavian states 
became Lutheran. England renounced Rome, but adopted a peculiar 
form of faith. Scotland became Calvinistic under lead of John Knox. 
Reformation in Xo?r Countries led to a revolt, resulting in Dutch inde- 
pendence. English aid to Holland led to war with Spain. [SpanisJt 
Armada.) Religious wars in France, 1502-97; ending with Edict of 
Nantes. Thirty Years War, 1G18-48, last great religious conflict. 



THIRTY YEARS WAR. 

Immediate cause, attempt of Emperor Matthias to place his cousin 
Ferdinand, a bigoted Catholic, on throne of Bohemia. Protestant 
churches shut up or destroyed. Bohemians rebelled, led by Count von 
Thurm. Drove imperial troops from Bohemia. Expelled Jesuits. Mat- 
thias died 1C19, and Ferdinand (II) was elected Emperor. Bohemia and 
Moravia elected Frederick, the Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I, 
king, A weak, vain man. Reigned one winter in Prague. (Hence 
known as Winter King.) Defeated at White Hill, near Prague, by 
Tilly, a great imperial general, 1620. Fled to the Netherlands. Out- 
lawed. Revolt suppressed with great severity. Palatinate conquered 
and ruthlessly plundered. Given to Maximilian of Bavaria. 

FOUR PERIODS OF THE WAR. 

I. The Palatine Period, lG18-lG2q, 

II. The nanish Period, 1025-1 029. 

III. The Swedish Period, 1031-1 035. 

IV. The Freneh Period, 1035-1648. 

The successes of Ferdinand made him sanguine of destroying the 
Protestant faith in Germany, and he became recklessly tyrannical. 
England, Holland and Denmark aided Protestants. Count Mansfield 
l)ecame Protestant leader. Christian IV of Denmark led army into 
Germany. TFaJleustelu, a Bohemian noble, offered to raise an army 
of 50,000 men at his own expense, if allowed full control of their move- 
ments and to pay himself with plunder. Terms accepted — made Duke 
of Friedland and Elector. Defeated 3Iansfield, who died soon after. 
Drove king of Denmark back to his own country, and overran most of 
Jutland, compelling the king to take refuge in his islands. Foiled in the 
siege of Stvalsuud, which was resolutely defended; largely by for- 
eign volunteers. Denmark, l)y treaty of Lubeck, 1629, abandoned Pro- 
testant cause. Edict of Mestitxtion, ordering that all church property 



GENERAL HI STUB Y. 73 

taken away since the Peace of Passau should be restored, CalvinistH 
excluded from religious peace. Great resistance to this act. Wallen- 
stein's cruelties and arrog-ance made the Diet demand his deposition? 
which was granted, 1G30. 

Glistavus AdolphuSf king of Sweden, espoused Protestant 
cause, supported by France, then under control of liicheUeu, whose 
great ambition was to humble House of Austria. Swedes looked upon 
with jealousy by some of German princes who refused to cooperate, till 
Tillv took Magdeburg, 1G31, and completely destroyed the city with 
30,000 people. Saxony then joined the Swedes. Tilly defeated at Leip- 
sfc, and north and west Germany taken as far as Rhine. Tilly killed in 
Bavaria in a skirmish on the Lech. Wallenstein recalled to power. Be- 
sieged Gustavus in Nuremberg in winter of 1631-2, with some success. 
Defeated atLtietzen, 1G33, in a desperate battle. King killed. Oxen, 
stlern and Horn took charge of Swedish affairs. Wallenstein assassin- 
ated, 1634, at instigation of Emj)eror. Peace of Prague, 1635, between 
several of the Protestant States and the Empire. Richelieu prevented a 
general peace. Aided Sweden in maintaining war. No great battle for 
several years, but frequent local fights and mutual plundering and devas- 
tation. Protestants gradually l^ecame suj^erior. 

Peace of Westplialia, 1648, gave France Alsace and Lorraine. 
Palatinate restored to heirs of Frederick. Switzerland and Holland 
recognized as independent. The last of German religious wars. 

War exceedingly disastrous. One-third of people perished. Im- 
mense destruction of property. Foreign influence greatly increased 
throughout Germany. Gustavus Adolphus one of the greatest of gen- 
erals. One of the first to make successful use of field artillery. 



SPANISH HISTORY. 

Country called by Romans Hispanla or Lberia. Colonized by PhcTcni- 
cians, and valued for its mines — chiefly of lead, silver and gold. Tar- 
tessa called Tarshlsh in Bible. Carthage succeeded to Phoenician 
colonies. Conquered by Romans in II century, B. C. Numantia, last 
fortress, fell in 135. Early inhabitants a j^eculiar Celtic race called Cel- 
tiberians. Warlike and vigorous, and often in revolt. Conquered by 
Goths and Yandals in early part of V century. Vandal kingdom in 
south; [J^andalusia) Gothic in north and in southern France. Goths 
conquered by SaraceJis or Moors in VIII century. Roderick last of the 
Gothic kings; killed in fatal battle at^Yeres, 711. Goths retained north- 
west Spain, and founded kingdom of Asturias, afterward Castile. Leon 
Navarre and Aragon founded later. The Cid, famous legendary hero, 
belongs to XI century. Aragon became great naval power. Obtained 
Sicily in 1282 and Naples in next century. Moors weakened by their 



74 .4 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

own dissensions, and g-radually crowded soutii and west. Ferdinand of 
Aragon, l-iG9, married Isabella, heiress of Castile and Leon. Conquered 
Granada^ the Moorish kingdom, 1492, and JSfavarre in 1512, thus uniting 
all 'Spain under one head. 

TnquisUlon established in Spain in 1480, a religious tribunal for the 
suppression of here.<y. 2,000 persons burned at the stake in one year. 
Jews expelled to number of a half-million. Cardinal Ximenes leading 
statesman. Discovery of America and conquest of Mexico and Peru 
made Spain wealthy, but paralyzed industry and promoted extravagance 
and love of war. Spain joined in the League of Camhrai/ in 1508, to 
humble Venice. Had long wars with France, 1494-1509, chiefly for pos- 
session of Italy. Navarre conquered and reconquered several times; 
likewise Milan. Francis 1 of France defeated and captured at Pavia in 
1525, and Treaty of J/a(/ri(7 extorted from him; soon broken. Peace of 
Camhray, '29, left Spain in possession of all Italy. 

In 151G, Cliarles I, grandson of Ferdniand, succeeded to throne of 
Spain; his mother Joanna being insane. His father was Maximilian ot 
Austria. Charles had inherited Burgundy from his grandmother, Mary, 
heiress of Charles the Bold. He was elected Emperor of Germany at 
the age of 19, and is known in history as Charles V of Germany. In 
1522, Solynian the' Magnificent., Sultan of Turkey, took Rhodes from 
Knights of St. John. In 152G defeated and killed Louis II, king of 
Hungary and Bohemia at battle of Mohacs. Crown went to Ferdinand, 
brother of Chailes V, and became iiereditary in House of Habsburg. 
Charles made war upon Turks with whole force of Empire, and obtained 
truce in 1532. In 1535 made vigorous assault on Moors in Africa. Took 
Tunis and liberated 30,000 Christian captives. Had long war with 
Francis I of Fi'ance, who was at times allied with Turks. Much trouble 
in Germany, growing out of reformation. ^Yas successful against Pro- 
testants in war of Smalkald. Defeated them at Muehlburg in 1546 by 
defection of Maurice of Saxony. Imprisoned PliUip, Landgrave of 
Hesse, and angered Maurice, who intrigued with Henry II of France; 
suddenly deserted the Emperor, and came near taking him prisoner at 
Innsbruck. Charles compelled to sign the Treaty of Augsburg. In '55, 
Charles resigned his Spanish possessions to his son Philip II, who had 
married Mary of England. The empire went to his brother Ferdinand. 
Charles withdrew to a monastery, and spent the rest of his days in retire- 
ment. 

Henry II made war on Spain, aided by Pope. Pope humbled by 
Duke of Alva. Spain, aided by English troops, won great victory over 
French at St, Quenthlf '57, in honor of which Philip erected the pal- 
ace of the Escurial. English lost Calais. Treaty of Gateau Canibresis 
in '59 restored conquests, and arranged marriage between Philij) II and 
Elizabeth, dauirhter of Henry II. 

Attempts to establish Inquisition in Netherlands led to a revolt, in 



GENERAL HISTORY. 



which both Catliolics and Protestants united to maintain tlie ancient 
privileges of the free towns. Society formed linovvn as the Beggars. 
(^Gueux.) Duke of Alva sent to quell revolt. Counts Eguiont and 
Horn, both Catholics, executed illegally. Images in Catholic churches 
destroyed. William of Orange, Count of Nassau [The /Silent) became 
leader of revolt. Alva established a " Blood Council," which in four 
years put to death 18,000 persons, and passed a decree by which all the 
people were under sentence of death. First military success of the 
insurgents capture of Brille in '72. Northern provinces generally joined 
revolt. Alva recalled at his own request. Pacification of Ghent, '76, a 
union of the Provinces without distinction of religion, to drive out 
Spanish. Harlem taken by Spanish after desperate defence. Leyden 
saved by cutting the dykes, allowing the relieving fleet to come up to tlie 
city. Bon John of Austria failed to quell revolt; was succeeded by 
Alexander of Parma,' an able general. Crown of Holland offered to 
Queen Elizabeth, but refused. Buke of Anjon elected king, but quar- 
reled with his subjects, and withdrew. Elizabeth sent some money and 
troops, and many German states sent aid irregularly, and with no very 
decisive results. Prince of Parma took Ant^oerp, after a long siege, in 
which his army suffered heavy losses. (Bridge of Antwerp.) 

English aid to Dutch, and execution of Queen of Scots led to the 
Armada. Parma was to join the fleet with 30,000 troops, but the defeat 
of the fleet prevented his leaving the Netherlands. Parma recalled to 
aid against Henry of Navarre in 1590. No formal truce till 1609, after 
forty years of fighting. Independence of Netherlands not recognized by 
Spain till Peace of Westphalia, 1648. 

In 1635 Sjjain was involved in 30 Years War, while France aided 
German Protestants. Not included in Peace of Westphalia. During 
war of the Fronde, Conde went over to Spain, while Cromwell aided 
France. English took Jamaica, and Spain also lost Bwikirk. Peace of 
the Pyrenees, 1659. Marriage of Bouts ATT^to Maria Theresa, daugh- 
ter of Philip IV; renouncing all claims to throne of Spain for himself 
and descendants. From this time on Spain was the acknowledged infe- 
rior of France. In ' 68 she surrendered to France most of Spanish 
Netherlands. In '78 at Peace of Nimuegen, gave up Franche Comte. 
In '90, joined Englatid and Holland against France; and recovered part 
of the Netherlands by treaty of Ryswick. 



WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1701-14. 

Charles II of Spain bequeathed crown to Philip of Anjou, gi-andson 
of Louis XIV. Crown claimed by Beopold of Austria, in right of liis 
mother. He passed claim over to his second son; proclaimed Charles III 
of Spain. Austria commenced war in Italv, where Eugene of /Savoy won 



76 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

two battles in 1701. England and Holland joined Austria next year; 
Portuguese year after. Elector of Brandenburg allowed to become king 
to secure his aid to Austria. Bavaria aided France and Spain. Enaflish 
took Gibraltar in 1702. Marlborough won battle of Blenheim, in 1704. 
In 1705--(3, northeast Spain and Madrid taken by English under HJarl of 
Peterborough. Charles III crowned at Madrid. Allies won battle of 
Bamillies. In 1707, Duke of Berwick., son of James II, won battle of 
Almanza in Spain, and drove allies out of country. Next year Eugene 
and Marlborough won battle of Oudenarde., and next year gained victory 
of Malplaquet. Pope acknowledged Charles III. Louis offered peace 
in 1710, but the Allies were unreasonable, and war was resumed. Change 
in English politics next year brought tories into power; Marlborough dis- 
missed; and war spirit declined. Death of Emperor of Germany left 
Charles III heir to crown of Empire, and union of Germany and Spain 
was as offensive as that of France and Spain. Allies made Peace of 
Utrecht in '13. Philip of Anjou recognized as sovereign of Spain, which 
has ever since been under Bourbon sovereigns. 

In 1716 Spain conquered Sardinia, and NajDles in 1735. First 
'•'' Family Com2K(ct'''' between Spain and France in '35; terminated by 
death of Philip V. War with England in regard to rights of trade in 
West Indies, '30-41. Aided France in War of Austrian Succession. 
Another "Family Compact" in 17G2 involved Spain in war with England, 
in which she lost Cuba and Manilla. By Peace of Paris gave Florida 
to England in exchange for Havana., and received Louisiana from 
F'rance in compensation for her losses. 

Recognized independence of United States in 1778, and aided 
France in war with England. Made a great but unsuccessful effort to 
recover Gibraltar. Recovered Minorca and Florida. Restored Louisiana 
to France in 1783. 



PENINSULAR WAR, 1808-14. 

In 1807, Charles /T^ resigned in favor of his son Ferdinand VII. 
Afterward claimed that he had been forced to do this, and attempted to 
recall his resignation. Claim referred to Napoleon, who deposed both, 
and gave crown to his brother Joseph, whom he called from Naples. 
Council of Castile confirmed choice of Joseph, but the people, under 
influence of priests, opposed and proclaimed Ferdinand VII. Won 
battle of Biiylen, and successfully defended Saragossa. English sent 
aid by way of Portugal. Napoleon came to Spain; drove EngUsh out of 
northern Spain at Corunna. Won battle of Burgos, Tudela and Rey- 
nosa. Abolished Inquisition. Took Saragossa in 1809. English won 
battle of Talavera, but were driven into lines of Torres ~Vedras. 
Forces nearly balanced until 1812, when Napoleon's losses in Russian 



GENERAL HISTORY. 11 

campaign compelled him to withdraw troops. In 181-3, Wellington won 
decisive victory at Vittoria, and drove French back to France. Ferdi- 
nand was then acknowledged king. 

Between 1810 and 1822, Spain lost by Revolution all her colonies in 
North and South America; retaining only her islands. 

Revolution in Spain in 1820-22 in favor of a constitutional govern- 
ment. At first successful, but suppressed by aid of France. 

In 1830, Ferdinand VII, by Pragmatic Sanction, set aside Salic 
Law to secure succession of his daughter Isabella. On his death in '33, 
his brother Don Carlos produced a revocation of the act, and claimed the 
throne, supported by the Pope. Went to war, but was defeated. Isa- 
bella married Francis of Assissi, a weak prince. Her only sister married 
Duke of Montjyensier, youngest son of Louis Philippe. A proposed 
marriage of Isabella to her cousin Don Carlos rejected. Isabella became 
notoriouslv profligate, and was driven from the throne in 1870. Contest 
followed between monarchists and republicans. Throne claimed by 
Alphonso^ son of Isal^ella, by Duke of JSIontpensier, and by Don Carlo.% 
grandson of the first Don Carlos. Cortes chose Frederick of Hohenzol- 
lern king, who declined. Crown then ofi"ered to his brother Leopold^ but 
he declined in consequence of the objections of France. Amadeo^ son of 
Victor Emanuel^ chosen — resigned after two years. Liberal constitution 
adopted during his reign. Republic then proclaimed, with Serrano as 
President. Serrano resigned in '75, and Alphonso was made king. Car- 
lists kept up war for several years. Alphonso married his cousin, daugh- 
ter of Duke of Montpensier. Reaction in favor of bigotry and despotism. 
Alphonso (XII} died in 1885, Crown devolved on infant daughter. 

HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 

The Scots were a Celtic race that came from Ireland a little before 
the Saxon invasion, and by their raids on England forced the Romanized 
Celts of the south part of the island to call in foreign aid. The Picts 
were the aboriginal people of Caledonia. Scots Christianized before 
coming to Britain. St. Columba the apostle of the Picts. Island of 
lona an early seat of Christian influence. In X century Scotland became 
an appanage of England. In XI century Macbeth killed Duncan, the 
reigning sovereign, and seized the kingdom; an able sovereign (not at 
all like the hero of Shakespeare's play). After Norman Conquest, great 
migration of Saxons to Lowlands of Scotland. 

Lowland Scotch to-day is the nearest dialect to old Saxon. 

+ 1100 Norwegians conquered Orkney Islands, and some of west 
Scotland. Scots aided Matilda and Henry II against Stephen; invaded 
England and were defeated at North Allerton, 1138. {Battle of the 
Standard.) In 1282, King Alexander III was killed by a fall, leaving 
crown to his grand-daughter, daughter of king of Norway. {Maid of 



78 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

N^orioay.) She died on her way' to Scotland. Throne claimed by jRoier^ 
Bruce and John Ballol. Claim carried before Edward I as over-lord^ 
and he justly decided in favor of Baliol. Baliol refused to do homage to 
Edward for his whole realm, and made alliance with France. Was con- 
sidered to have forfeited his fief. Was defeated, captured and imprisoned. 
Stone of Scone carried to England, and regent appointed to govern the 
land. Scots revolted under WiUkun Wallace^ defeated regent at Stir- 
Ung, and Wallace was made regent. Was defeated at Falkirk in 1208, 
and afterward betrayed into hands of English; carried to London, and 
executed As a traitor. Robert Bruce, grandson of original claimant, was 
crowned king. Overpowered and fled to Ireland. Returned in 1314; 
defeated great English army a,t SaHilOcTeblinif near Stirling, and 
secured independence of Scotland. 

In 134:0, David II invaded England in interest of France. Was 
defeated and taken prisoner at NeviPs Cross, and kept in England 11 
years. Succeeded in 1370 hy Mobert the Steward of kingdom; whence 
the name of Stuart. 

Battle of Otterburne or Chevy Chase^ 1388, a family quarrel between 
the Percies and Douglasses • famous in ballad poetry. 

In 1403, Scots aided in a rebellion against Henry IV, and were 
defeated at Shrewsbury. In 1411 Highlanders defeated by Lowlanders in 
battle of Harlaw. Scots served in large numbers in armies of France. 
King Louis XI had a Scotch body guard. 

James I ^ an author of some note, a prisoner in England in his boy- 
hood; mnrdered by his nobles, 143G. James 7T noted for his humbling of 
the Douglass family, killed by the bursting of a cannon. James III 
was killed in battle against his revolted nobles. James IV married 
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. Quarreled with England about com- 
merce and killing of Andrew Barton; invaded England and was killed at 
Flodden, 1513. James T^ quarreled with Henry VIII; principally on 
church matters. Scots defeated at Solwai/ JIoss, 1542; James died of 
vexation. His queen, JIarg of Guise, gave birth to a daughter just 
about the time of battle. Henry provided by treaty that this infant 
should marry his son Edward; with intent to unite the two kingdoms. 
Nobles who were opposed to this sent Mary to France to be educated. 
Henry invaded Scotland, and defeated Scots at Pinkie — last battle 
between the two kingdoms. Jealousy of nobles the great source of 
Scotch weakness. Highlands and Lowlands generally on bad terms. A 
■ sort of feudal system kept up a long time in Scotland. 

Scotland became mostly Protestant during minority of Mary. John 
Knox, educated at Greneva under Calvin, most active in securing reform 
Monasteries suppressed. Cardinal Beaton, who persecuted reformers^ 
assassinated. 

Mary married for first husband Francis II, who lived but a few 
months after marriage. First Scotch Covenant in 1557. French 



GENERAL HISTORY. 79 



attempted to put down ret'oi-iners. Scotch Parliament adopted Geneva 
Confession of faith, Mary returned in 1565; married her cousin Henry 
Stuart., Lord Durnley. Darnley, throug-h jealousy, murdered Rlzzio., 
Iier Italian secretary, in her jjresence, in ^o///roo(? palace ; was not long 
after assassinated by Earl Bothwell; probably with connivance of 
the queen, who soon after married Bothwell. Deposed by her nobles, 
and imprisoned in I^ocldeveii Castle; her infant son by Darnley pro- 
claimed king. Mary escaped from prison, and after a vain attempt 
to recover her throne, fled to England and claimed protection of Eliza- 
beth. Kept in restraint for 19 years; executed on cliarge of conspiring 
ao-ainst lile of Elizabeth. Knox died in 1572. Episcopacy established 
for a short time. Scotland and England united under one crown on 
accession of .fames \ to English throne, 1603. Episcopacy restored in 
1606. Great Scotch emigration to Nova Scoti(( +1620. Charles I 
attempted to enforce liturgy on all Scotland. Violent outbreak. Scots 
renewed the Covenant; deposed all bishops; forbade use of liturgy. 
Invaded England 1640; English refused to fight. Treaty of Ripon 
secured religious toleration. Sided with Parliament in Rebellion; had a 
large force at Marston Moor. After battle of Naseby, king took refuge 
in Scotland; held out false inducements to Scots; was found to be 
deceiving them, and given up to Parliament. After his execution, Mont- 
rose took up arms against Parliament; was taken and executed. Charles 
II came to Scotland; was crowned at Scone. His army defeated by 
Cromwell at Z>«>?Z'<'<r, 1650, and at Worcester in '51; king escaped with 
o-reat difficulty. Cromwell united Scotland to England in ^^ Legislative 
Union. '''^ Scots under lead of General Monk active in Restoration. 
Namgatiori Act destroyed Scotch freedom of trade. Episcopacy restored; 
Covenant publicly burned by the hangman. Ejection Act and Mile Act 
very oppressive to the clergy. Led to religious war, and to outrages 
upon Covenanters. Archbishop Shf/r]) murdered Ijy Cameronians; the 
extreme party among the Covenanters. Duke of Monmouth defeated 
Covenanters at Rothwell Brlyg; Cameron killed; many of his followers 
executed by martial law; many sent into slavery. James Graham of 
Claverhouse noted for his cruelty to Covenanters. 

In 1685, Duke of Argyle headed a rising against James II, in favor 
of the Duke of Monmouth; was taken and executed. Presbyterianism 
restored in 1690. Dundee rose against William of Orange; was killed at 
Kllllecrankle. {Bonnets of Bonny Dundee.) Massacre of Glencoe^ 
1692; the greatest blot on administration of William III. 

Education Act, 1696, required every parish to provide a school 
house and a competent schoolmaster. 

Legislative Union with England 1707. Bitterly opposed, but of 
great benefit. Scotland allowed in Parliament 16 peers and 45 com- 
moners. Partisans of the Stuarts, headed by Earl of Mar, rose in favor 



80 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

of the Pretender in 1715. (Known as Jacobites.) Defeated at Preston 
and Sheri^'inuir. Leaders executed. 

Pcrteus Miots in 1736. {Heart of Mid Lothian.') 

In 1745, Charles Edioard^ the Young Pretender^ landed at 3Ioidart, 
went to Edinburgh, defeated English under Cope at Preston Pans/ 
marched into England as far as Derby; received no aid from English; 
turned back to Scotland; defeated a pursuing force at Falkirk/ was 
fatally defeated at Cidloden by Duke of Cumberland; escaped with great 
difficulty. His followers were treated with the utmost cruelty. 

Reform Bill of 1832 gave Scotland 53 members of House of 
Commons and greatly extended right of suffrage. By act of 1807, Scot- 
land has 60 members in Commons. 

Free church of Scotland established in 1843; Dr. Thomas Chalmers 
leader in movement. (Presbyterian church the established religion.) 
Scotland noted for its system of schools, and large proportion of 
educated men. 

Great Scotch emigration to Ireland in reign of James 1, and in time 
of Cromwell. Settled in the nortli. Belfast and Ijondonderry principal 
towns. People known as Scotch-Irish, 



PRUSSIA. 

Name derived from the Borussi, a Slavonic people. Conquered by 
Teutonic IfL flights +1350, and compelled to receive Christianity. Colo- 
nized by Germans. Fast Prussia became a part of Poland. JVest 
Prussia [Brandenburg) made an electorate under House of Tlohenzollern 
in 1417. East and West Prussia united by marriage in 1009. Suffered 
severely in Thirty Years War. 

Prussia became a kingdom in 1701; Frederick William I ^rsl\s.'n\g. 
Title given to secure his aid in War of Spanish Succession. King noted 
for his rigid economy, love of military drill, passion for tall soldiers and 
violent and almost crazy prejudices. Very abusive to his family. Ob- 
tained most of Swedish Pommerania. 

Frederic II (The Great) engaged in War of Austrian Succession 
without good reason and contrary to Pragmatic Sanction. Gained 
Silesia. 

In 1756 commenced the 

Seven Years War. 

Caused by attempt of Maria Theresa to recover Silesia, which had 
been taken from Austria in War of Austrian Succession. Empress 
intrigued with France, Saxony and Russia to deprive Frederick of his 
kingdom. Secured alliance of France by flattering Madame Pompadour^ 



GENERAL HISTORY. 81 

mistress of Louis XV. Frederick learned their design by means of 
spies; suddenly invaded Saxony, seized Dresden; obtained papers con- 
taining full account of plot, which he published to justify his course. 
Drafted 14,000 Saxons into his army. Sweden and German Empire 
joined league against him; Hanover and a few petty states stood by him. 
In '57 won battle of Prague^ was defeated at Kolln by Dcmn, an able 
Austrian General; won battle of Rosshach over French, his most brilliant 
victory, and defeated Daun at Leuthen by extraordinary skill in handling 
troops. England then at war with France on account of territory in 
America, under lead of the elder Pitt, aided Prussia with money and 
Hanoverian troops, French defeated Duke of Cinnherland in Hanover 
and forced him to a disgraceful capitulation {Kloster-seven), which was 
repudiated by Parliament. 

In '58, Ferdinand of Brunswick drove French out of Hanover, and 
across the Rhine. Russians invaded Prussia; were defeated by Frederick 
in bloody battle at Zortidorf; Austrians defeated at ScMoeidnUz. Aus- 
trians won victory at Hoclikirchen. Louisburg on Cape Breton Island 
taken by English. Abercrombie repulsed at Ticonderoga. 

In '59, Frederick was defeated by Austrians at Kunersdon'f; French 
were defeated at Mvnden by Duke of Brunswick; and driven out of 
Northern Germany. Quebec was taken by English Gen. 'Wolfe; Mont- 
calm.^ the able French General, killed; Canada fell into hands of English. 
Admiral Hawke won two naval victories over French, and a French expe- 
dition to Ireland entirely failed. 

In '60, Frederick's general lost Silesia. When Frederick marched to 
recover it, Russians took Berlin. By desperate battle of Torgau, Fred- 
erick was enabled to winter in Saxony. 

In '61, English refused any further succor, and Frederick stood on 
the defensive, with odds constantly increasing against him. 

In '63, Elizabeth of Russia died, and her successor at once concluded 
a peace with Frederick and even sent troops to aid him against Austria. 

Peace of Huhertsburg., '63, secured Silesia to Prussia, and made her 
one of the '"'■Five Great Poioers.'''' Country in very bad condition. 
Frederick made great exertions to restore it. Distributed army horses 
among the farmers — remitted taxes — made great reforms in laws. Very 
partial to French language and customs. Generally reckoned as " fore- 
most captain of his time." Took an active part in Partition of Poland^ 
in 1772. 

In 1793, Prussia joined Austria in war upon the French Republic. 
Troops defeated at Vcilnilf ; soon withdrawn to secure a portion of 
Poland in connection with Russia. Selfishly kept out of the conflict 
between France and Germany till the German Empire had fallen in 1806; 
then made war hastily, without due preparation, and was speedily hum- 
bled. Defeated in battle of Jeufl and Auet'Stddt on same day, 
Magdeburg soon surrendered, and French occupied Berlin. Remnant of 
6 



82 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



armv joined Russians; were defeated at Friedland. By Peace of Tilsit lost 
evervtliino- west of the Elbe, which went to new kingdom of Westphalia. 
Polish Prussia became the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and was given to 
Saxony. Great anxiety in Prussia to revenge this loss. System of pop- 
ular education introduced by efforts of William von Humboldt. Tugend- 
hund formed. Made alliance with Russia in 1813, and was very active in 
causino- overthrow of Napoleon. Marshal Blucher particularly noted as 
a soldier. Defeated French at the Katzbacli in Silesia. Was prominent 
in battle of Leipsig. Prussia recovered most of its possessions before 
the return of Napoleon; attempted to obtain Saxony. Battle of Water- 
loo won by Prussian aid when the English were too weak to take the 
offensive. Obtained all of Pommerania by second peace of Paris. 

Instead of German Empire a Confederation of German States was 
formed, with a permanent Diet, to meet at Frankfort-am-Main. Free 
constitutional governments promised to all states, but little done to carry 
out promise. No unity. Austria, in particular, opposed to all popular 
movements. 

Zoll-Yerein or Customs- Union formed -|-1830; a great ccnvenience. 
Serious riots in Berlin in 1848. King promised to grant a constitu- 
tional government, and to dismiss regular troops; ministry resigned. 
National Assembly called; met in Berlin; drafted a Constitution; finally 
was adopted after many difficulties. Much jealousy between Austria and 
Prussia; especially in regard to Schleswig and Plolstein. Both made war 
on Denmark in 18G4, and soon took the disputed territory; but its occu- 
pation was made a pretext for a war in 18GG. Real cause the desire to 
control the politics of Germany. Prussia made an alliance with Italy. 
Austria was bitterly opposed to German unity. Most of the larger 
states favored Austria. In "Seven Weeks War" the Austrians and 
their allies were defeated in almost every engagement; especially at 
Sado'wa or Kceniggrmtz. Austria had to give up Italy, and was wholly 
excluded from German affairs. Prussia annexed Hanover to her own ter- 
ritory. All states of North Germany unitc^I in North German Confed- 
eration in 1867 under leadership of Prussia. Treaty soon made with 
South German States. 

Declaration of war by Fr.ance tended to secure national unity. All 
South German States placed their armies at disposal of Prussia. Hohen- 
zollern claim only a pretext. Prussians victorious in almost every 
engagement. During the siege of Paris the Southern German States 
joined the Northern, and formed a German Confederation^ and conferred 
the title of Emperor on King William, who was proclaimed in the palace 
of Versailles^ 1871. Prussia obtained Alsace and Lorraine. New con- 
stitution of the Empire gives the legislative power to a Federal Council 
and Diet; the executive to the Emperor, who is represented in the Diet 
by his Tmperial Chancellor. {Otto von Bismark.) 



GENERAL HISTORY. S8 



AUSTRIA. 

Name means East Kingdom. Made a margravate by Charlemagne 
in VIII century. Became a duchy of German Empire in XIII century 
and a grand-duchy -f l-i50. In 1282 a Habsburg emperor made his 
eldest son Duke of Austria, and that line has held it ever since. 

Duke Albert, 1308, was murdered by his nephew John the Parri- 
cide. (Schiller's William Tell.) Murderers punished with great 
severity by his widow Agnes. Rudolph of Habsburg defeated by Swiss 
at Morgarten., 1315. 

Maximilian in 1477 married Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Charles 
the Sold, by which Austria obtained the Netherlands. On accession of 
Maximilian to throne of Germany, he gave the Netherlands to his son 
Philij), who married -Joanna., daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 
by which marriage Charles T^ became heir of the Netherlands. 

By death of King of Hungary and Bohemia in 152G, at battle of 
Mohacs, the crown of Hungary and Bohemia went to Austria, and was 
made hereditary in male line of the Habsburg family in 1687. 

The House of Habsburg came to throne of German Empire in 1438, 
and were sovereigns so long as the Empire lasted. 

Frequent wars with the Turks for nearly two hundred years. Was 
the representative state of Germany for more than two centuries. As a 
whole never received the Reformation. Took an active part in " Thirty 
Years War.''"' Vienna was besieged by Turks in 1083; delivered by 
Poles under. John Sobieski. Eugene defeated Turks and forced Peace of 
Carlo'ioitz, 1699. 

Austria took a prominent part in " ^Yar <>f t/ie Spanish Succession,'''' 
1701-14. 

WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-48. 

Charles VI spent many years in obtaining a Pvafflliatic SanC- 
tiotl from all interested parties to enable his daughter Maria Theresa to 
take the crown of German Empire contrary to Salic Law. At his death 
in 1740 the Elector of Banaria claimed the Empire; backed by France. 
Frederic II of Prussia took advantage of the difficulty to regain Silesia, 
which had been taken from Prussia in Thirty Years War. French and 
Bavarians took Prague. Spain allied iierself to France. German Diet 
elected the Bavarian claimant as Charles VII. Maria Theresa went to 
Hungary; was received with great enthusiasm; raised two armies; 
received aid from England. Frederick gained Silesia by Peace of Bres- 
lauin 1742, but renewed war in 1745, fearing to lose his conquest. xAus- 
trians successful over Bavarians. Charles VII died in 1745. His son 
made peace with Austria, and Diet elected Erajicis, the husband of 



84 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

Maria Theresa, as Emperor. Frederic by Peace of Dresden in same year 
acknowledged Francis as Emperor, and retained Silesia. ElizaheUi of 
Russia finally aided x\ustria and sent an army to the Rhine. 

War ended with Peace of Aix-la Chapelle^ 1748. All conquests 
restored; Frederic retained Silesia; Pragmatic Sanction acknowledged. 

Austria had lour successive wars with France in time of Naj^oleon, 
and was signally defeated. Vienna twice taken. Obtained Venice in 
exchange for the Netherlands. Took an active part in final overthrow of 
Napoleon, and in Congress of Vienna. 3Ietternich her great statesman. 
Formed " Holy Alliance " with Russia and Prussia to keep down the 
peoples of Europe. Ruled northern Italy with great barbarity. Violent 
insurrection in Vienna in 1848. Emperor fled and resigned in favor of 
his nephew. City held by insurgents. Bohemia, Italy and Hungary 
also revolted. Bohemians soon crushed. Charles Albert defeated at 
Novara and compelled to resign ; all Italy recovered and dealt with very 
severely. Croats revolted from Hungary. Vienna retaken. Kossuth 
made leader of Hungarians. Russia came to aid of Austria. Gorgei, 
Hungarian general, surrendered; Kossuth fled to Turkey. Haynau^ 
'"''the butcher^'' treated Hungarians with great barbarity. 

CoilCOVdcit of 1855 gave great power to Catholic church, particu- 
larly in respect to education. 

In 1859 Italy again revolted, svipported by France. Austria lost 
battles of Solferino, Magenta and Melagnano. By Peace of Villu 
FrancCL virtually gave up all Lombardy. 

Engaged in war with Denmark in regard to Schleswig and Holstein 
in 1864. This led to a quarrel with Prussia, resulting in the "Seven 
Weeks War,-' in the summer of '66. Prussia won almost every engage- 
ment, particularly battle of Sadowa or Kwntffgrwt^, which forced 
Austria 'to Peace of Pragtie^ by which Austria resigned all claims to the 
duchies, and surrendered Venice to France; also paid an indemnity to 
Prussia. Gave up all claims to Italy by Peace of Vienna. Has since 
voluntarily made great concessions to Hungary, and repealed the Con- 
cordat. 

RUSSIA. 

Early history obscure. People a mixture of Sclaves and Scythians. 
Name Russia originated from Norse Puric who invaded country -J-86U, 
founded Kiev and ruled at Novgorod. Queen Olga., -|-950, first Christian 
sovereign. Suffered much from Mongols under Genghis Khan and 
Patoti, in latter part of XIII century. Ivan the Great, latter part of XV 
century, freed Russia from the Mongols; married a Greek princess and 
assumed the double eagle as the imperial emblem. Took title of auto- 
crat. His son Ivan the Terrible was cruel, but energetic. Developed 
commerce; conquered Siberia; organized a standing army [tStrielitzi or 
archers.) Introduced printing and other foreign arts. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 85 

House of Romanojf' begins in 1013. Peter the Great, 1G89-1725 
founder of the modern nation; an energetic savage. Aimed to make 
Russia a naval power. Visited England and Holland to learn arts, 
especially of ship-building. Founded aSV. Petersburg. Had a memorable 
war with Charles XII o'i Sweden, in wliich Russia was at first defeated, 
but learned from her enemy how to beat him. Defeated him at decisive 
battle of PllltoWd^ 1709. Gained seacoast of Baltic; also in war with 
Turks secured a coast on Black Sea. 

Elizabeth, 1741-G2, supported Austria in Seven Years War; devel- 
oped army and established academy of Arts and Sciences. 

CcitJievltie II in 1762 headed a plot against her husband, and 
became Czarina. Able, but profligate. Made several successful wars 
upon Turkey, and took Crimea. Orloff and Potemkin her ablest states- 
men. Suwaroff most noted general; active in Partition of Poland; took 
Ismail from Turks; fought French in Switzerland; gained Courland. 

Paul I joined England against France. Alexander I aided Austria 
against Napoleon; was defeated at Austerlitz. Fought a terrible but 
indecisive battle at Eylauj was defeated at Friedland., and signed Peace 
of Tilsit., 1807. Made war on Sweden and took Finland. 

Resistance to French "Continental Policy" led to war in 1812. 
French invaded Russia; won battle of the Moskioa. and of Borodino; 
took Moscow, which was burned by orders of Russian government, and 
French forced to make a ruinous retreat. Russians aided in final over- 
throw of Napoleon. Alexander entered Paris with allied armies. Russia- 
took jjart in Congress of Vienna. 

Nicholas If 1825, suppressed a dangerous conspiracy; conquered 
extensively in the East; gained control of the Caspian. Crushed Poland 
1830-31; abolished its Diet. Had a long war with the Caucasus. Aided 
Austria in '49 to subdue Hungary. 

Cvlineatl War, '54-55; on account of claim to Protectorate 
over all Greek Christians in Turkish Empire. Compelled to withdraw 
war ships from Black Sea. Completed conquest of the Caucasus in '59. 
Emancipated her serfs in '61. Annexed the valley of the Amoor in 
1860 — half a million square miles. Has added large territories east of 
the Caspian, and occupies about one-sixth of the land surface of the 
globe. 

Much disturbed by Nihilist agitations. 



SWEDEN. 

Oldest of Scandinavian peoples. First appears in history in IX 
century, when St. Ansgarius converted many to Christianity. Settled 
around Novgorod; conquered Slavs., and founded Russia. (Named for 
Ruric, a Norse chieftain.) Olcf -f-lO^O first Christian king. United to 
Deimiark by Union of Calmar, 1397. 



86 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

III 1520-23 Dalecarlians revolted from Deinnark under Gastavus 
Vasa, who became king and introduced tlie Reformed religion. Most 
famous sovereign, GustavilS AdolphllS, lGll-32, who conquered 
south and east of Baltic, and engaged with high honor in Thirty Years 
War. Killed at Lutzen., 1632. His daughter Christina succeeded, then 
six years old, under regency of Oxenstiern. Swedes colonized Delaware, 
1634. By Peace of TFestjyhalia, 1648, obtained Pornmetxinia, and a 
vote in German Diet. Christina turned Catholic; resigned and died at 
Rome. Charles JlII, the "■ >Sioedish Madman,'''' 1697-1718, made 
Sweden a conquering power. Won brilliant victories over Danes, Poles 
and Russians. Defeated at Pliltoiva, 1709; fled to Turkey. Killed at 
Frederickshall in Norway, perhaps by his own soldiers. All his con- 
quests soon lost. Took part in Seven Years War against Prussia. 
Quarrels of parties of " Hats and Caps," favoring respecting Anglo-Rus- 
sian and French alliances. Joined '■'■Armed Neutrality'''' in 1780, and 
" Quadruple Alliance " in 1800. 

On death of Charles XIII in 1810, Beraadotte^ a marshal of Napo- 
leon, chosen king. Joined Russia against France in 1812. In 1814, 
received Norway from Denmark m exchange for Pommerania. 



NORWAY. 

People first known as pirates, in IX century. Leaders called vikings 
or harbor-men. Kingdom first established +8tl0 by Harold Harfayer. 
Colonized Greenland, Iceland and the Orkneys. Discovered America 
1000. Olaf Tryyyvason, 995, seized kingdom; attempted to enforce 
Christianity; killed in naval battle. (Longfellow's Saga of King Olaf 
ill Tales of a Wayside Inn.) St. Olaf, 1014, Christianized people; killed 
by revolted nobles. Harald Hardrada killed at Stamford Bridge, 
1066; aided Tostig against his brother Harold. Magnus Barfod con- 
quered Orkneys and Hebrides, and part of Ireland. Margaret, daughter 
of king Eric, heiress of Scotland, died on her way from Norway to Scot- 
land to take the Scottish crown. Joined to Denmark in Union of Cal- 
mar; remained under Denmark till 1814; then became part of Sweden. 



DENMARK. 

People originally in two divisions; one on the peninsula and one on 
the islands. First united in one kingdom under Corm the Old -f86(). 
Harold Bluetooth compelled by Otho II of Germany to receive Chris- 
tianity. Svend Forked- Beard attempted conquest of England; his son 
/lyi/^i; reigned over all England; Danish line lasted 26 years. Denmark 
conquered extensively on south and east of Baltic. Often at war witii 
Sweden, Norway and Hanse Towns. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 87 

Ufllotl of CtllitlflVf 1397, united the three Scaiuliiiavian king- 
doms under 3Iar(jaret oj Denmark. Union lasted till io;i4:; with Nor- 
way till 1814. 

ChristlcDi IV engaged in " Thirty Years TF(<r" in aid of German 
Protestants; defeated by Tilly and compelled to withdraw. 

Aided Holland in war against England in time of Cromwell. During 
same period was twice invaded by Swedes. Humbled by Charles XII of 
Sweden. 

Danish fleet destroyed by Nehoii, 1801, on account of taking part in 
"Armed Neutrality." Compelled in 1807 to give up another fleet. Co- 
penhagen bombarded. 

In 1848-9, attempted, to seize Schlestolg and Ilolstein. Won battle 
of Idstedt and obtained Duchies. Second Schleswig-Holstein war in 
1SG4. Danes defeated and compelled to give the Duchies to Prussia. 



ITALIAN HISTORY SINCE 1848. 

In 1848, Lombardy, with many of the minor Italian states, attempted 
to throw off the yoke of Austria. Florence expelled her Grand Duke. 
Milan expelled her Austrian garrison. Venice drove out the Austrians 
and established an independent 23rovisional government, with Manin as 
Dictator. Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, defeated at Custozza; 
resigned in favor of his son, Victor Emanuel. Pope Pius IX, who at 
first was disposed to be liberal, became despotic, and was expelled from 
his territory. Insurrections in Naples put down with great barbaritv by 
" King Bomba." Garibaldi active in rcjsistance to Austria. Pope 
re-instated in Rome by French and Neapolitans; thouijh French were 
defeated at Palestrina Ijy Garibaldi. Venice taken after an obstinate 
resistance. 

Contrary to expectation, Victor Emanuel proved a wise and consistent 
friend of Italian independence. Made Cavour his ])rime minister. xMade 
great improvements in his own kingdom; checked the power of the 
ecclesiastics. Engaged in Crimean war to give military education to his 
army and to secure friendship of France — also as Russia was regarded as 
the great supporter of despotism in Europe. 

In 1859, Louis Napoleon, jealous of Austria, proclaimed the "unity 
of the Latin races," and joined Sardinia in war for the freedom of all 
Italy. French won battle of Solferlno, Mar/enta and Marigmuio. By 
peace of Villa Franca, France obtained JSFice and Savoi/. Austrian 
States were recommended to form a Confederation, but refused; and were 
soon joined to Sardinia. 

In 1860, (xarihaldl, without aid of Sardinia, and even against her 
orders, invaded Sicily, and soon after took Naples. Sardinia prevented 
])apal troops from interfei-ing, and soon annexed Naples to her own rule. 



88 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 

All Italy, except Venice and the Papal States, were now under one king. 
Capital removed to Florence. 

In 1866, Italy allied herself with Prussia against Austria in the 
'•''Seven Weeks War.'''' Italian force under Garibaldi defeated at Cus- 
tozza, but Prussian victory at Kfeniggrcetz compelled Austria to sign a 
treaty by which all Italy proper, including Venice, was given up to Victor 
Emanuel. French troops withdrawn from Rome in '66. Garibaldi 
active in forcing war against the pope, contrary to the wishes of gov- 
ernment. Insurrections in Rome. French re-occupied Rome. Garibaldi 
arrested by Italian government. French troops withdrawn on account of 
Franco- Prussian war, '70; and after surrender of Napoleon III at /Sedan, 
Italian troops occupied Rome. Pope's temporal power now limited to 
the Vatican and its immediate neighborhood. The unification of Italy 
has been productive of immense good. Etlucation has greatly advanced; 
public improvements have been made; brigandage almost wholly sup- 
pressed; i-eligious toleration secured. 

PORTUGAL. 

Part of Spain till -|-1140. Became prominent in navigation and 
discovery under John 7, Henry the Navigator and John II in XV cen- 
tury. Made conquests in xVfrica. (3btained the Azores, Madeira and 
Cape de Verde islands. Bartholomeio Diaz and Vasco de Gama noted 
explorers. J/a^e^/coi first who circumnavigated globe. Colonized Brazil. 
Settled Goa in western India, and had monopoly of Indian oceanic trade 
for a century. Lisbon became a great port. Inquisition established in 
1536; expelled the .lews to great detriment of commerce. Don Sebas- 
tian killed in Morocco, 1578, and kingdom soon annexed to Spain. Be- 
came independent again in 1640 under Ilonse of Draganza. 

Refused to adopt Napoleon's " continental policy," which led to 
Peninsular War in 1807. Reigning family took refuge in Brazil. 
English expelled the French. 

Much civil discord from 1820 till 1846. Brazil became independent 
in 18-22. 

Portuguese language comes nearest to Latin of any of the derived 
tono-ues. Most celebrated author, Camoens, a contemporary of Shakes- 
peare, who wrote epic poem of the Lusiad. 

CREASY'S LIST OF "FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES." 

I. Persian, Defeat at Marathon^ 490 B. C. Prevented 
Oriental despotism from overpowernig Europe. 

II. AtJienian Defeat at Syracuse, 413 B. C. Crushed the 
hope of making Greece a Federal Republic, and weakened the people 
fatallv. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 89 

III. Hattle of Arbela, 331 B. C. Led to. Macedonian Con- 
quest of Persia and tlie Hellenizing- of the East. 

IV. Defeat of Hasdvubal, 207 B. C. on the Metauius. Pre- 
vented the success of Hannibal, and led to the ruin of Carthag-e. 

V. Defeat of Varus bif Arniinius^ 9 A. D. Prevented 
Romanizing of Germany. 

VI. JBattle of Chalons, 451. Prevented eastern barbarism 
from overthrowing the rising civilization of the west. 

VII. Dattle of Toiirs^ 732. Prevented Saracen Conquest of 
the West. 

VIII. JBattle of Hastings^ 106G. Led to Norman supremacy 
in England. 

IX. Raisinff of Siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc, 1129. 

Led to English loss of France. 

X. Defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588. Led to the safety 

of Protestantism in Europe. 

XL Battle of Bleillieini, 1704. Led to the failure of France 
to dominate all Western Europe. 

XII. Dattle of PaltOfVa, 1709. Allowed Russia to continue 
her progress toward civilization. 

XIII. Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, 1777. Led 
to American Independence. Secured the alliance of France. 

XIV. Battle of Valmy, 1792. Prevented the failure of the 
French Revolution. 

XV. Battle of Waterloo^ 1S15. Prevented the perpetuation 
of the Napoleonic idea of government. 

(Add to the above the Battle of Qettysburgh, 18G3, whic^h 
secured the perpetuation of the American Union. 

Battle of'Sadowa, in 186(3, which secured the freedom of Italy, 
and the unification of the German Empire.) 



no .4 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



FOCAL DATES IN GENERAL HISTORY. 

B. C. +1320. The Exodus. 

975. The Secession of the Teu Tribes at Death of Solomon. 

770. The First Olympiad. 

763. The Founding of Rome. 

538. Cyrus Conquers Babylon. 

400. Marathon. 

405—401. Petloponnesian Wars. 

330—323. Career of Alexander. 

219—202. Second Punic War. 

140. Fall of Carthage and Corinth. 
88. First Civil War at Rome. First Mithradatic War. 
44. Assassination of (ijesar. 

31, Actium. Octavius becomes Master of Rome. 
4. Birth of Christ. 
9. A. D,— Defeat of Varus. 
80. Roman Conquest of Britain Completed. 

323. Constantine Emperor. 

395. Roman Emi>ire Divided into Eastern and Western. 

410. Invasion of Alaric. 

451. Battle at Chalons. 

470. Fall of Western Empire. 

022. Hegira. 

711. Battle of Xeres. Moorish Conquest of Spain. 

732. Battle of Tours. 

800. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor of the West. 

827. Union of Kingdoms of Saxon Heptarchy. 

911. Beginning of German Empire. Normans in Neustria. 
1000. Norman Conquest of England. 
1095-99. First Crusade. 
1105. Constitutions of Clarendon. 
1190. Third Crusade. 
1215. Magna Charta. 

1205. First Commons Parliament. Death of Genghis Khan. 
1314. Bannockburn. 
1340. Crecy. 

1415. Agincourt. Council of Constance. 
1438. Invention of Printing. 
1455—85. Wars of the Roses. 
1492. Discovery of America. 
1517. The Reformation, 
1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
1588. The Spanish Armada. 
1003. Accession of the Stuarts. 
1<>07. Settlement of Jamestown. 

1 020, Settlement of Plymovith. Slavery introduced into Virginia, 
, 1042, Civil War in England, 
KJOO. Restoration, 
1088. English Revolution, 
1702 — 13. War of the Spanish Succession. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 91 



1 709. Battle of Pultowa. 

174:0—48. War of the Austriau Succession, 1757. Battle of 

Plassy. British (onquest of India. 
1775 — 83. American Revolution, 
1769. Watt's invention of the Steam Eng-ine. 
1789—95. French Revolution, 
1799, Consulate of Napoleon, 
1805, Empire of Xapoleon, Austerlitz, 
1812. War between England and U. S, 
1815. Waterloo, 
1830, French Revolution, 
1832, Reform Bill, 
1844. Morse's Telegraph, 
1846. Mexican War, 

1848, (Earthquake Year.) Numerous revolutions in Europe, 

1854, Crimean War. 

1861—65. American Civil War. 

1866. Sadowa. Seven Weeks War. 

1870. Franco-Prussian War. 

1877. Turko-Russian War. 

Learn also the Sovereigns of England from the Norman Con- 
quest, with dates of accessi<ni ; and Sovereigns of France, from 
1515, with dates of accession. 



NOTED PERSONS. 

Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Saul, David, Solomon, Nehemiah, 
Judas Maccabfcus. 

Confucius, Boodh, Zoroaster. 

Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, Sennacherib, Shalmanezer, 
Cyrus the Great, I>arius Hystaspes, Xerxes, Cyrus the Younger. 

Homer, Hesio<l, Solon, Pisistratus, Miltiades, Herodotus, 
Themistocles, Aristides, Pericles, Cinion, Alcibiades, Phidias, 
Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Aristotle, Pindar, Anacreon, Thucydides', 
Demosthenes, Sophocles, ^schylus, Euripides, Aristophanes,' 
Philopoemon, Epamiuondas, Lycurgus, Agis, Leonidas, JLysan- 
der, Pelopidas, Iphicrates, Aeschines, Phocion, Parmenio, 
Philip, Alexander, Demetrius Poliorcetes, Ptolemy, Antiochus! 

Hasdrubal, Hamilcar, Hannibal, 

Coriolanus, Camillus, Licinius Stolo, Pontius Thelesinus, 
Marcellus, Q. Fa bins Maxinius, Scipio Africanus, Archimedes! 
Pyrrhus, Aemilius Paulus, the Gracchi, Marius, Sulla, Cinna, 
Jugurtha, Mithridates, Pompey, Ctesar, Cicero, Crassus, Cati- 
hne, M. Cato, M. Brutus, M. Antonius, Octavius Cjxisar, Maece- 
nas, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Juvenal, Pliny, Plutarch, Ennius, Livy, 
Tacitus, Spartacus, Regulus, Agricola, Nero, Cleopatra, Titus,' 
Trajan, Aurelian, Zenobia, Constantine, Arius, Athanasius, 
Julian the Apostate, Belisarius, Stilicho, Alaric, Attila, Genseric,' 
Ju«tinian, Tbeodosius, St. Augustine, Jerome, Hypatia. 

Mohammed, Ali, Omar, Haronn al Raschid, Charles 3Iartel, 
Charlemagne, Alfred, Hugh Capet, Knut, William the Conqueror^ 
Gregory VII., Godfrey of Bouillon, Peter Hermit, Tancred, 



92 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



Thomas A Becket, Loviis IX., William Wallace, Rieiizi, Joliu 
Huss, John WickliiFe, Roger Bacon, John Knox, Genghis Khan. 
Tamerlane, Joan ol Arc, John Huuniades, Earl of Warvvick» 
Cardinal Wolsey, John Guttenburg', Savonarola, Copernicus, 
Kepler, Galileo, Dante, Ariosto, Petrarch, Charles the Bold, 
Cortez, Pizarro, Luther, Lioyola, Coligni, William the Silent, 
Chaucer, Cervantes, Wallenstein, Tilly, Gustavus Adolphus, 
Richelieu, Mazarin, Cromwell, Hampden, De Ruyter, Sobieski, 
Duke of Monmouth, Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene, 
Duke of Cumberland, Clive, Warren Hastings, Robespierre, 
Mii'abeau, La Fayette, Abbe Sieyes, Talleyrand, Hamilton, 
Franklin, Watt, Humphrey Davy, Robert Walpole, Frederick 
the Great, William Pitt, Duke of Wellington, Metternich, 
William Wilberforce, Samuel Romilly, Kosciusko, Kossuth, 
Cavour, Victor Emanuel, Garibaldi, Thiers, Gladstone, Bismarck, 
Von Moltke, McMahon, Goethe, Bolivar. 



PLACES NOTED IN HISTORY. 

Where are the following places, and for what are they noted ? 
Memphis, Nineveh, Jerusalem, Damascus, Tyre, Palmyra, 
Babylon, Sardis, Alexandria, Antiocb, Byzantium, Nica^a, 
Doryla^um, Acre, Edessa, Arbela, Tarsus, Ephesus, Troy, the 
Eurymedon, the Granicus, the Jordan, Mt. Nebo, Mt. Olympus, 
Mt. Athos, Mt, Sinai, Mycale, Rhodes, Crete, Delos, Delphi, 
Dodona, Olympia, Corinth, Dyrrachium, Brundisium, Sparta, 
Corcyra, ^gos Potamos, Thermopylae, Marathon, Plataja, 
Sphacteria, Mantinea, Delium, Philippi, Athens, the Pirfeus, 
Syracuse, the Chersonesus, the Hellespont, Carthage, Capua, 
the Metaurus, the Rubicon, the Ticinus, Thrasymene, Cannae, 
the Caudine Forks, the JEgates, Pandosia, Tarentum, Veii, 
Massilia, Munda, Thapsus, Zela, Zama, Saguntum, Xeres, 
Tours, Chalons, Verdun, Canossa, Aix la Chapelle, Hastings, 
Bouvines, Runny me de, Orleans, Constance, Worms, Trent, 
Ghent, Pavia, Calais, Agincourt, Crecy, Flodden, CuUoden, 
Bannockburn, Nancy, Ivry, Augsburg, Magdeburg, Luetzen, 
Pultowa, Rossbach, Tilsit, Marengo, Torres Vedras, Roncesval, 
Leyden, Amiens, Mialta, Towton, Barnet, Austerlitz, Elba, St. 
Helena, Rochelle, Sadowa, Solferino, Magenta, Borodino, 
Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, Weissenburg, Ver- 
sailles, Sedan, Plassey, Delhi, Lucknow, Assaye, Seringapatam, 
Vittoria, Plevna, Sebastopol, Ulm, Blenheim, Malplaquet, 
Waterloo, the Boyne, Londonderry, Limerick, Fontenoy, Sara- 
gossa, Mentz, Valmy, Villa Franca, Actium, Lepanto, Navarino, 
Morgarten, Aboukir, Angora, Utrecht, Wittenburg, Silistria, 
Trafalgar, Cape La Hogue, Legnano. 

Learn the classical tiames of all the countries of Europe, 



GENERAL HISTORY. 03 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF HISTORY ARRANGED BY CEN- 
TURIES. 

X CENTURY B. C. 
Secession of the Ten Tribes at Death of Solomon. 

IX. 
Liycurgus gires Laws to Sparta. 

VIII. 
First Olympiad. (776.) 
Founding- of Kome. (753.) 
Dispersion of the Ten Trihes. (731.) 

VII. 
Fall of Assyria. (025.) 

VI. 
Legislation of Solon. 
Kise of Persia under Cyrus the Great. 
Babylonish Captivity, Restoration of the Jews. 
Persian Conquest of Egypt under Cambyses. (525.) 
Confucius in China and Buddha in India. 

V. 
First Persian Invasion. 
Second Persian Invasion. 
Neheniiah rebuilds the Temple. 
Age of Pericles. 
Peloponuesian Wars. (431—405.) 

IV. 
Rome captured by the Gauls. 

Struggle for Supremacy between Sparta and Thebes. 
Passage of the Licinian Rogations. 
Career of Alexander and Philip. Rise of Macedon. 
Macedonian Conquest of Persia and Greece, 

III. 
Pyrrhic Invasion. 
First and Second Punic War. 
Roman Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. 

II. 

Roman Conquest of Macedonia and Greece. 
Third Punic War, 
Dissensions of the Gracchi, 
Cimbric Invasion. Jugurthine War, 



94 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF 



Social War. First Civil War. Mitliradatic Wars. 

Servile War. Conspiracy of Catiliue. 

First Triumvirate. 

Conquest of Gaul. 

Second Civil War. 

Assassination of Ctesar. Second Triumvirate. 

Establishment of the Empire. 

Birth of Christ. 



I CENTURY A. D. 



Defeat of Varus. 
Crucifixion of Christ. 
Conquest of Britain. 
Fall of Jerusalem. 



Conquest of Dacia. 



II. 



III. 



Fall of Palmyra. 

Rise of Persia under the Sassanides. 



IV. 
Reig^n of Coustantine. 

Christianity made the Religion of the Empire. 
Nicjean Council. Arian Controversy. 
Idol Worship formally abolished by Theodosius. 
Division of Roman Empire into Eastern and Western. 



V. 
Oreat Migrations of Nations. 
Rome taken by Alaric. 

Goths and Vandals into Spain and Africa. 
Franks under Clovis invade Gaul. 
Saxon Conquest of Britain. 

Career of Attila the Hun. (Battle of Chalons.) 
Sack of Rome by Vandals. 
Fall of the Western Empire. 

VI. 

Reign of Justinian. (Codes and Pandects.) 
Lombard Conquest of Northern Italy. 
Christianity introduced into England. 

VII. 
Career of Mohammed. Rise of Islam. Saracen Conquests. 



GENERAL HISTOEY. 95 



VIII. 

Moorisli Conquest of Spain, Battle of Tours. 

Reign of Charlemagne, 

Haroun al Rascbid. 

Separation of Eastern and Western Churches. 

IX. 

Union of Saxon England under Egbert. (827.) 
Reign of Alfred and Wars with the Danes. 

X. 

Oeraian Empire commenced under Conrad of Franconia. 
Norsemen settle in Neustria. 

Holy Roman Empire founded by Otho the Great. 
Capetiau Line of Kings established in France. 

XI. 
Danish Kings in England. 

Norman Conquest of England and of Apulia. 
Pontificate of Gregory VII. (Hildebrand.) 
First Crusade, and Capture of Jerusalem. 



Second and Third Crusade. 
Conquest of Ireland. 
Constitutions of Clarendon. 



XII. 



XIII. 



Fourth to Eighth Crusade. 

Magna Charta. 

English Loss of Normandy. 

First Commons Parliament. 

Invention of Gunpowder. 

Conquest of Wales. 

Career of Genghis Khan, and Fountling of Mogul Empire. 

XIV. 

Independence of Scotland. (Battle of Bannockburn.) 
Hundred Years War commenced. 
Career of Tamerlane, 

XV. 
Council of Constance. 
Fall of Eastern Empire. 
Invention of Printing. 

]>Iarriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian of Austria, 
Discovery of America. 
Wars of the Roses. 
Conquest of Grenada. 



96 GENERAL HISTORY. 



XVI. 
Reformation. 

Conquest of Mexico and Peru. 
Kise of the Jesuits. 

Wars of Spain and France for possession of Italy. 
Rise of the Dutch Republic. 

Reli;2fious Wars in France. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
Spanish Armada. 
Reigu of Henry IV in France. Edict of Nantes, 

XVII. 

English Colonization in America. 

Civil War in England, 

English Revolution. 

Thirty Years War, 1618-48. Peace of Westphalia. 

Rise of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus. 

Rise of Russia under Peter the Great. 

Reign of Louis XIV. 



XVIII. 

War of the Spanish Succession. 

House of Hanover Succeeds to English Throne, 

War of the Austrian Succession. 

Seven Years War, and Peace of Paris. 

American Revolution and Independence. 

French Revolution. 

Watt's Invention of the Steam-engine. 

Whitney's Cotton-gm. 

British Conquest of India. 

XIX. 
Career of Napoleon. 

French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. 
Coup d'Etat of 1851. 
Freedom and Unification of Italy. 
Seven Weeks War. 
Franco-Prussian War. 
English Reform Bill. 
Crimean War. 
American Civil War. 
Turko-Russian War. 

Invention of Liocomotive, Telegraph, Photograph, Armored 
Ships, Sewing-machine, Vulcanized rubber. Mowing, Reaping 
and Binding Machines, Discovery of illuminating gas. Anaes- 
thetics, Petroleum, 



iBf^, 



'M 



